Program Name:  

Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.)-Electrical Engineering 

5th Semester
Course Name: Building Technology-IV
       

Students Name: Karan Katoch, Atinder Pal Singh Teacher name: Dr. Dhawan Singh
Roll No: 1910992154, 1910992155

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Introduction
• HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning. It is a process of treating the air to control
its temperature, humidity, filtering and distributing it to
meet the comfort requirements of the occupant or
people in the conditioned space (room).
• By using HVAC, we can control the temperature,
humidity, filtration, and airflow. HVAC can be used in
houses and villas (Residential), offices (commercial),
hospitals and pharmaceuticals, Malls and theaters,
Industries, Educational institutes (Schools, Colleges,
Classes) and various others places( Aircrafts, etc).

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Important Terms
Conditioned space: Conditioned space is
considered to be the alteration of interior space
temperature, through the provision of heating or
cooling. Conditioned space shall be defined as an
area, room or space normally occupied and being
heated or cooled for human habitation by any
equipment. It is usually denoted by Tc.
Surroundings: Surroundings are the area around a
given physical or geographical point or place. It is
usually denoted by Ts.
Note: When Tc > Ts Heat Pump is required.
When Tc < Ts Air Conditioner is required.

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Window Air conditioner
• A window air conditioner is the simplest type of AC
unit. It’s a single unit with all of the parts and
components contained inside one box or casing. This
type of AC is usually mounted or installed in a
window and plugs into a traditional electrical outlet.
It’s convenient because it can be moved from
window to window as needed and operates
independently from a home HVAC system.
• The function of window air conditioner is to provide
comfort to the occupants in the room by
I. Cleaning the air
II. Dehumidifying the air
III. Cooling the air

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Working
• A window AC unit uses the same principles as any other
type of air conditioning system. It uses refrigeration
properties to remove heat and humidity from a room while
cooling air to circulate into the room. The basic
components include a thermostat, a fan or blower, tubing
filled with refrigerant, a compressor, an evaporator coil
and a condenser coil.
• As the temperature in the room rises, it triggers the
thermostat in the AC unit, which turns on the blower.
Room air is pulled into the unit and moves over the cold
refrigerant coils. The air is cooled as it passes over the
cold coils and is pushed out into the room, cooling it and
bringing down the temperature.

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Split Air Conditioner
• A Split system air conditioner is comprised of two
components. An indoor unit and an outdoor unit.
• A split system air conditioner is perfect for homes or
rooms that can’t easily accommodate window units. And
because they don’t require bulky ductwork, they’re a
convenient choice. Because no ductwork means no major
installation projects. They’re also much quieter than
window units. And keep a lower profile.
• Here are the key benefits of the split air conditioner.
 The Ease of Installation
 Quick and Easy to operate
 Silent Operation

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Working

• The indoor and outdoor components of a split system air conditioner are connected via
series of high pressure gas pipes and electrical wires. Not an ducted system, like a
centralised air conditioning setup uses.
• That’s another benefit of the split system. Extensive ducting can result in small losses
due to heat exchange within the system, particularly if the roof cavity isn’t insulated..
• This means a split system air conditioner is not only efficient with its performance. But
it also keeps your energy costs down because there’s less waste. Which is better for the
environment, too.
• A split system air conditioner works by first pumping a gas refrigerant through the unit’s
cooling circuit.

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Working Cont.

• The compressor pumps this refrigerant into the condenser unit. And as the gas moves
through condenser, it cools down and vaporizes into a liquid.
• The liquid refrigerant is then pushed at high pressure through one side of the evaporator;
expanding and changing back from a liquid into a gas. As this gas rapidly expands, its
temperature drops dramatically. This creates a significant temperature differential within
the evaporator.
• As this cooled gas refrigerant moves through the evaporator, it absorbs the heat inside
your home and carries it outside and into the inlet port of your split system air
conditioner’s compressor. And the cycle begins again.
• This enables a split system air conditioner to distribute cooled air with precision. Another
way they help to keep energy costs down.

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Diagram

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AHU (Air Handling unit) in HVAC

• An Air Handling Unit or AHU is a device that can handle, regulate, circulate, and
conditioning the Air of an HVAC System. An AHU is constructed in the shape of a
large box made of metal and it contains input dampers, Filters, heating coils, cooling
coils,  blowers or fans, output dampers as its main parts.
• Modern AHUs contain so many auxiliary components such as different types of
sensors, switches, etc. for automatic control and monitoring the airflow, temperature,
humidity, dust, etc.
• AHU mainly designed to only circulate and condition the existing air inside a room
or building but some AHUs are designed to mix some outside air with the inside air.
Remember that AHU does not circulate and condition the 100% outside air. 100%
outside air is circulated by TFA {Treated Fresh Air or also known as FAHU (Fresh
Air Handling Unit)}.

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AHU Internal Block Diagram

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How Air Handling Unit(AHU) Works?

• The working principle of an AHU is very simple. When it is in running condition, it

takes the air from the outside environment and also from the inside of the room then
mixed both airs in a certain ratio. After that, the air flows near the heating coils and
cooling coils.
• Heating coils help to increase the temperature of the air and they also removed the
water particles from the air. In simple words, heating coils helps to maintain the
humidity of the air.
• On the other hand, cooling coils help to decrease the temperature of the air to
maintain the temperature of the air or inside the room or working place. The fan or
blower helps to circulate the air inside the room or working place.

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The function of AHU(Air Handling Unit)

• The basic function of the AHU is to take in outside air, re-condition it and supply it
as fresh air to a building.
• To properly circulate the air inside the room or working place.
• To remove the dust particles and other contamination from the air.
• To maintain Temperature.

• To maintain Humidity.

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Applications and Advantages of AHU

 Applications
• AHUs are used in food manufacturing industries, electronic manufacturing
industries, medicine manufacturing industries, etc.
• AHU has applications in Hospitals, shopping malls, Goods stores, large buildings,
auditoriums, etc.
• AHUs are used in corporate buildings, Server farms, microtechnology industries.
 Advantages
• AHUs are capable to maintain temperature and humidity from a medium place to
large places.
• AHUs can be designed to work with a central heating and cooling system. So
individual heating and cooling systems do not require for individual rooms. Central
heating and cooling system can work with a no of AHUs placed in different rooms or
working places.

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Temperature vs Pressure
The boiling point of water at sea level is 100°C. At. say
10,000 feet, the boiling point of water is 89.6°C. As the
altitude increases, the pressure lowers and so does the
boiling point. That is because water (and other liquids)
produce a certain amount of “vapor pressure” at various
temperatures. The higher the temperature, the higher the
vapor pressure. This is true for both the surface of the
liquid and the gas or air above it. That is, the saturated
vapor pressure of water in air is a function of
temperature. If there is too much water vapor in the air,
then water will condense back to liquid. If it is too little,
then liquid water will evaporate from open surfaces of
water until it is saturated. Since evaporation takes heat
from the water to occur, adding heat to the water with
sunlight speeds things up a bit.
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Simple Vapour Compression Cycle

The compression refrigeration cycle consists of

circulating a liquid refrigerant through four stages
of a closed system. As the refrigerant circulates
through the system, it is alternately compressed and
expanded, changing its state from a liquid to a
vapor.

The 4 Main Refrigeration Cycle Components

•The compressor.
•The condenser.
•The expansion device.
•The evaporator.

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