EPM Mid Lecture 03 Chapt 1

Electrical Properties of
Materials
Lecture 3
Chap 1
In this lecture we will going to
discuss ….
 Crystal planes,
 Miller Indices,
 Planer concentrations
Chapter 1
From Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices, Third Edition, S.O. Kasap (© McGraw-Hill, 2005)
Recap
◦ Crystal structures are three types
◦ Single Crystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous
◦ Crystalline materials are geometrically represented by lattice and real representation of lattices are basis.
◦ Crystalline materials are consisted of unit cells which represent the whole crystal.
◦ Unit cells are primitive or non primitive
◦ Unit cells can be represented by 2D or 3D
◦ Among 14 types of 3D Bravais Lattices we studied cubic systems
◦ Next class we will study hexagonal systems
◦ Three cubic crystalline systems are

◦ Simple Cubic has one atom in the unit cell
◦ Face-centered Cubic (FCC) has 4 atoms in the unit cell
◦ Body-centered Cubic (BCC) has 2 atoms in the unit cell
◦ Atomic concentration is the ratio of the number of atoms per unit volume of unit cell.
◦ Atomic packing factor is the ratio of atom number with the volume of one atom to the volume of the unit cell.
The diamond Diamond and Zinc
unit cell
Blende Crystals
The diamond unit cell is cubic. The cell
has eight atoms. Grey Sn (α-Sn) and the
Elemental semiconductors Ge and Si have
this crystal structure.
The Zinc blende (ZnS) cubic crystal

structure. Many important compound
crystal Structures have the zinc blende
structure. Examples: AlAs, GaAs, Gap,
The Zinc blende (ZnS) GaSb, InAs, InP, InSb, ZnS, ZnTe.
cubic crystal structure
Coordination number of NaCl
6
Coordination number of NaCl
Coordination number of CsCl
8
EXAMPLE
The copper (FCC) Crystal Problem: Consider the FCC unit cell of the copper crystal shown in figure 1.39.
a. How many atoms are there per unit cell.
b. If R is the radius of the Cu atom, show that the lattice parameter a is given by a = R2√2.
c. Calculate the atomic packing factor (APF).
d. Calculate the atomic concentration (number of atoms per unit volume) in Cu and the density of the crystal given that the atomic mass of Cu is
63.55 g mol-1 and the radius of the Cu atom is 0.128nm.
Solution:
a. the number atoms in the unit cell = 8 corners X 1/8 atom + 6 faces X 1/2 atom = 4 atoms.
b. The face is a square of side a, and the face diagonal is √(a2 + a2) or a √ 2.
The diagonal has one atom at the center of diameter 2R, which touches two atoms centered at the corners.
The diagonal, going from corner to corner, is therefore R + 2R + R = 4R.
Thus, a √ 2 = 4R and a = 2 √ 2R.
Therefore, a = 2 √ 2 x (0.128 nm) = 0.362 nm.
c.
d. If there is x atom in unit cell and each atom has mass of M at/NA grams, then density is
Crystal Planes
◦ 1. Find the intercepts of the plane
with the crystal axes and express
these intercepts as integral
multiples of the basis vectors (the
plane can be moved in and out
from the origin, retaining its
orientation, until such an integral
intercept is discovered on each
axis)
◦ 2. Take the reciprocals of the

three integers found in step 1 and
reduce these to the smallest set of
integers h, k, and l, which have
the same relationship to each
other as the three reciprocals.
◦ 3. Label the plane (hkl).

EXAMPLE
Reciprocal lattice represents the Fourier transform of

another lattice
Miller Indices
EXAMPLE
h, k, and l are called the Miller indices which define a set of parallel planes
 Reciprocals of the intercepts avoid infinities in the notation.
 Intercept is infinity for a plane parallel to an axis  sign is reciprocal of such an
intercept is zero.
 If a plane passes through the origin, it can be translated to a parallel position –
integer multiple unit distance away – for calculation of Miller indices.
 If an intercept occurs on the negative branch of an axis, the minus placed above
the Miller index for that particular axis (hkl)
Negative Miller indices-plane
O 1/2
1/2 -1
-1 O
-1/3
½, ½, -1/3 -1
(11 1)
=(22)
Origin, O has to be shifted so that all the three

intercepts are obtained
Example 1.14
Considering FCC lattice……….
 Show the plane (02)
 Calculation of surface density/planar
concentration/planar density of (100), (110), (111)
 Which plane is most densely packed? Given a
=0.3620 nm.
Miller Indices:
shifted the origin at O’
Now the intercepts are
(111) plane (-1, 1/2)
(02)
Example 1.14
Planar concentration, (100)
No of atoms/area = 2/a2
Considering, a = 0.3620 nm
Planar concentration, (110)
Planar concentration of
No of atoms/area = 2/a2√2
 (100) plane is 15 atoms/nm2
 (110) plane is 10.8 atoms/nm2
 (111) plane is 17 atoms/nm2
Planar concentration, (111) So, (111) plane is most densely
packed and (110) is least densely
No of atoms/area = packed planes among (100),
2/√3a2 /2 (110), (111) planes
(111) plane
Surface density or planar concentration-More examples

EPM Mid Lecture 03 Chapt 1

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Electrical Properties of

◦ Among 14 types of 3D Bravais Lattices we studied cubic systems

◦ Next class we will study hexagonal systems

◦ Three cubic crystalline systems are

The Zinc blende (ZnS) cubic crystal

◦ 2. Take the reciprocals of the

◦ 3. Label the plane (hkl).

Reciprocal lattice represents the Fourier transform of

Origin, O has to be shifted so that all the three

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