Thyroid Gland 1

THYROID GLAND
INTRODUCTION
• The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in

neck. It makes two harmones that are secreted into the
blood-Thyroxine (T4) and triodothyronine (T3).
These harmones are necessary for all the cells in human
body to work normally.
• The thyroid gland lies in front of neck in a position just
below the Adam’s apple. It is made up of two lobes –
the right lobe and the left lobe and these two lobes are
joined by a small bridge of thyroid tissue called
isthmus. The two lobes lie on either side of the
windpipe.
POSITION OF THYROID GLAND
• This is the largest endocrine gland in our body. It lies in

the anterior and lateral surfaces of the pharynx, larynx,
esophagus, and trachea like a shied as shown in figure.
• It is yellowish brown in colour and highly vascular
•
• Position:- It is situated in front and sides of the lower part
of the neck opposite the level of C5- C7 and T1
vertebrae.
PARTS
• It has two lateral lobes connected by a central isthmus. Each lateral lobe is
roughly conical in shape, measuring 5 cm in length, 3cm in breadth and 2
cm in thickness.
• The isthmus is quadrilateral in shape.
• The gland weighs approximately 30g.
• The gland is larger in females, which enlarges during menstruation and
pregnancy.
CAPSULES
• Thyroid has a true fibrous capsule and a false capsule.

• The true capsule is formed by the condensation of connective tissue fibres.
• The false capsule is formed by the pretracheal layer of deep cervical fascia,
which splits to enclose the gland.
• The pretracheal layer is attached to the hyoid bone and oblique line of the
thyroid cartilage.
• Because of these attachments,the thyroid gland moves up with swallowing.
BLOOD SUPPLY,VENOUS DRAINAGE
AND NERVE SUPPLY
• ARTERIAL SUPPLY:-
1. A pair of superior thyroid arteries
2. A pair of inferior thyroid arteries
• VENOUS DRAINAGE:-
1. Superior thyroid vein
2. Middle thyroid vein
3. Inferior thyroid vein
• NERVE SUPPLY:-
1. PARASYMPATHETIC SUPPLY FROM VAGUS NERVE
2. SYMPATHETIC SUPPLY FROM CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA
BIOSYNTHESIS STEPS OF THYROID
HORMONES
• Iodide trapping : It is the transfer of Iodide from the circulation into follicular
cells of thyroid gland
• Oxidation of Iodide into Iodine: The iodide are oxidized into iodide by the
peroxide enzymes
• Synthesis & secretion of thyroglobulin: It is Synthesized in the follicular cells
and secreted into colloid by exocytosis
• Iodination of tyrosine: The iodine is immediately bound to the tyrosine residues
in thyroglobulin.
• Storage and secretion: Thyroid stores T3 and T4 and then releases into the blood
REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE
SECRETION
1. T3 and T4
• The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin-releasing hormone
which, in turn, stimulates the pituitary gland to produce
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). This hormone
stimulates the production of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine
(T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), by the thyroid gland.
• This hormone production system is regulated by a feedback
loop so that when the levels of the thyroid hormones
(thyroxine and triiodothyronine) are too high, they exert
negative feedback.
• Such that the hypothalamus releases less thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH) and the pituitary gland releases less thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH). This system allows the body to
maintain a constant level of thyroid hormones in the body.
REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE
SECRETION
2.Calcitonin
• Calcitonin is secreted by parafollicular cells or c-cells.
• Thyroid releases calcitonin based on the level of calcium
in blood. When blood calcium levels increase, thyroid
releases calcitonin in higher quantities
• If calcium increases in the blood then it shift in the bone
for to decrease the level of Calcium in blood
• Ultimately storage of calcium in bone will increase.
Inhibit reabsorption of calcium in renal table. If it didn’t
reabsorb in renal tubule. Level of Calcium in blood will
decreases.
• Then it excreted from urine then ultimately level of
Calcium in blood will decreases.
CLINICAL ANATOMY
1. Goiter
• It is an excessive enlargement of the thyroid
gland often obstructing the oesophagus or other
organs in the neck and chest by causing
difficulty to eat and breathe.
2.Thyroid cancer
It is a very common form of cancer. However, the
chances of survival for a thyroid cancer patient is
quite high compared to other forms of cancer.
There are four types of thyroid cancer.
CLINICAL ANATOMY
3.Hyperthyroidism
This condition is caused when thyroid glands excessively produce a
hormone called thyroxine. The symptoms include a change in
appetite, unexpected weight loss, insomnia, fatigue, irritability,
frequent urination, increased sweating and heat intolerance. But
this condition usually resolves within a few months of relevant
treatments and proper medication.
4.Hypothyroidism
This condition is caused by the under-secretion of the thyroid
hormones. It is a very common problem and often stays undetected
for years. One of the main reasons that trigger hypothyroidism is
an autoimmune disorder called Hashimoto’s disease. In this
condition, the antibodies produced by the body attack the thyroid
gland and this results in the glands producing fewer hormones.
STATISTICAL DATA
Proportion of Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis

• The increase in AARI seen in
Thiruvananthapuram was also
reflected in the proportion of thyroid
cancers diagnosed in the district (Fig.
2). Although thyroid cancers
constituted 6.5% of all cancers
diagnosed in females in
Thiruvananthapuram in 2006, by
2012 the proportion had risen to
10.4%. The proportion of thyroid
cancers in the other four regions
ranged from 1.6% to 4% during 2012.
QNA
• The hormone secreted from parafollicular cells of thyroid gland is_____

1. T3
2. T4
3. CALCITONIN
4. BOTH (1)&(2)
• What are the two main hormones secreted by Thyroid gland?
• T3
• T4
• TSH
1. Both A and B
CONT.
• Name a disease causes due to the deficiency of iodine?

• Thyroid cancer
• Solitary thyroid nodules
• Goiter
1. Thyroiditis
• What are the functions of thyroid gland in the body?
• Controls metabolism
• Maintain internal homeostasis
• Controls breathing and heart rate
1. All of the above

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THYROID GLAND

• The thyroid gland is an endocrine gland located in

• This is the largest endocrine gland in our body. It lies in

• Thyroid has a true fibrous capsule and a false capsule.

Proportion of Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis

• The hormone secreted from parafollicular cells of thyroid gland is_____

• Name a disease causes due to the deficiency of iodine?

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