AW101 – OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY AND HEALTH

- CHAPTER 5 -
CONTENTS
5.1 Concept of Incident
5.1.1 Definition of Incident
5.1.2 Definition of Accident
5.1.3 The differences between accident and incident
5.1.4 Types of Incident
5.2 Causes of Incident
5.2.1 Unsafe acts
5.2.2 Unsafe conditions
5.3 Incident Prevention Techniques (HIRARC technique)
5.3.1 Hazards Identification
5.3.2 Risk Assessing
5.3.3 Risk Controlling

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 CONCEPT OF INCIDENT

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 DEFINITION
CAUSE – unplanned, unexpected events, multicausality and
sequence of events.
[Source : Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]

CAUSE – actions, omissions, events, conditions, or a combination

thereof, which led to the accident or incident.
[Source: Official Journal of the European Union]

EFFECT – the outcomes resulted from an uncontrolled hazard such

as injury, disease, damage, near-miss, loss.
[Source : Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]

* It should noticed that the definition of accident is combination of description of the

causes and effects.

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 DEFINITION

HARM – the loss to a human being; consequent on damage.

Example, injury and disease.
[Source : Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]

DAMAGE – the loss of inherent quality suffered by an entity

(physical or biological).
[Source : Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]

NEAR MISS - is an event which did not result in injury or

damage to property but had the potential to do so. It
shares the same root causes as accident but because of
chance no harm or damage has occurred.
[Source : wikipedia.org]

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 DEFINITION

INCIDENT – an event that occurs either planned or unplanned

event and either caused good or bad outcomes.

ACCIDENT – an unplanned, unexpected events or

occurrences which results in injuries, fatalities, loss of
production or damage to property.
[wikipedia.org]

ACCIDENT – an unplanned, unexpected event in a sequence

of events that occurs through a combination of causes;
which results in physical harm (injury or disease) to an
individual, damage to property, a near-miss, a loss or any
combination of these effects.
[Ridley,J. & Channing,J. Safety at Work]

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 INCIDENT VS ACCIDENT

No. INCIDENT ACCIDENT

1. General event Specific event
2. Positive or negative event Negative event (bad
(cause the good or bad outcomes)
outcomes)
3. The event can be expected Unexpected event (without
(with intention, can control intention, cannot control
the event) the event)
4. Planned or unplanned event Unplanned event

5. Potentially resulted in harm Definitely resulted in harm

to people, damage to to people, damage to
property and loss to process property and loss to
AW101/NOOR HANISAH process.
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 INCIDENT VS ACCIDENT
EXAMPLE (1):
INCIDENT - A night shift maintenance worker found an electric lift truck
parked in an aisle instead of at the charging bay. He drove the lift truck
to the bay, but on slowing down to enter he found the brakes to be
quite sluggish. He quickly reversed the controls and simple bumped
the battery charging set, causing no apparent damage. Under slightly
different circumstances, this incident could have resulted in extensive
damage to the lift truck and charging set as well as injury to the driver.

ACCIDENT - An electrician was working on a high voltage machine while it

was "hot" to save time. The screw driver slipped and shorted between
two contact points. The resulting explosion severely burned the
electrician, damaged the control box and shut down part of the
manufacturing process.

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 INCIDENT VS ACCIDENT
EXAMPLE (2):
INCIDENT – (1) The incident at his sister's wedding made
him quick to appreciate the idea of
marriage.
(2) When the baby got sick, the incident scared
his mother.

ACCIDENT – (1) She broke the glass

(2) The car crashed into the fence

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 FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT

 All accidents are incidents

 All incidents are not accidents
 All injuries result from accidents
 All accidents do not result in injury

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 TYPES OF INCIDENT
An OHS incident is any accident or event at workplace, which involves:
 Occupational illnesses;
 Uncontrolled fire and explosions;
 Disabling injuries;
 Serious equipment plant or property damage;
 Dangerous occurrences which could have, but did not injure any
persons;
 Exposures to hazardous substances or circumstances;
 Minor injuries;
 Any other serious incident that could put employees or
plant at risk.

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 TYPES OF INCIDENT
Types of incident is classified by the level serious of injury
as shown in below table;
TYPE DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Dangerous - Commonly called a ‘near miss’ - Electrical incidents

Occurrence incident. - Crash of an aircraft
- An incident where no person - Plant or property damage
is injured, but could have that could have killed or
been injured, resulting in injured a person but
Serious Personal Injury (SPI), didn’t
Incapacity or Death.
Exposure - An event where an employee - Radiation
comes into contact with a - Hazardous substances
substance or circumstance - Noise
which does not lead to an - Biological agents
immediate injury or illness.
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 TYPES OF INCIDENT

TYPE DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Minor Injury An employee is injured and is; - Minor cuts or bruises

- Grazes
- Unable to work for between 1 - Every injury that is not
and 4 days; OR considered a serious
- Sees a doctor, nurse, or first aid personal injury (SPI).
attendant, but is not given Includes - Injuries to a
emergency medical treatment; person that are not SPI or
OR Incapacity.
- Attends a medical centre, but
Excludes - Exposures &
is
Dangerous occurrences
not given emergency medical
treatment.
Incapacity 30 or An employee is unable to work
more days for 30 or more consecutive days
or shifts
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 TYPES OF INCIDENT

TYPE DEFINITION EXAMPLE

Serious Personal An event that caused an injury - a wound which requires

Injury (SPI) to, or disease in, a person that is sutures (stitches).
caused in the course of their - a fracture of any part of
work, for which the person the body.
needs to be: - knocked unconscious.
- given emergency medical
treatment by a registered
medical practitioner; OR
- treated in a hospital as a
casualty, without being
admitted to the hospital; OR
- admitted to hospital.
Fatality - Death

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 UNSAFE ACTS
AND
UNSAFE CONDITIONS

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 UNSAFE ACTS & CONDITIONS

Accidents occur for many reasons. Most of

accidents are caused by only two things; unsafe
acts or practices, and unsafe conditions. But,
according to statistics bandied about by
employers, 96% of accidents are caused by
"unsafe acts", while the remaining 4% of
accidents are caused by "unsafe conditions”.

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 UNSAFE ACTS

DEFINITION
(1) An element of unsatisfactory behavior immediately prior
to an accident event which is significant in initiating the
event. (John
Gilbertson).
[http://www.shponline.co.uk/glossary.asp?]

(2) Performance of a task or other activity that is conducted

in a manner that may threaten the health and/or safety
of workers.

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 UNSAFE ACTS
EXAMPLE
(1) Lack of or improper use of Personal Protection
Equipment (PPE).
(2) Taking shortcuts
(3) Careless
(4) Lack of attention
(5) Horseplay
(6) Being Over Confident
(7) Starting a Task with Incomplete Instructions
(8) Ignoring Safety Procedures
(9) Operating without qualification or authorization
(10) Using defective equipment
(11) Taking an unsafe position

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 EXAMPLE UNSAFE ACTS (1)

Lack of or improper use of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

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 EXAMPLE UNSAFE ACTS (2)

Quite a Drop - Without Fall Protection

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 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)

SAFETY HELMET
GOOGLE

SAFETY JACKET

SAFETY GLOVE

SAFETY BOOTS

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 UNSAFE CONDITIONS

DEFINITION
(1) An unsatisfactory physical condition existing in the
workplace environment immediately prior to an accident
event which is significant in initiating the event.
(John Gilbertson)
[http://www.shponline.co.uk/glossary.asp?]

(2) A condition in the work place that is likely to cause

property damage or injury.

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 UNSAFE CONDITIONS
EXAMPLE
(1) Slippery floor
(2) Broken glass
(3) Unguarded machine
(4) Trailing cable
(5) Poor housekeeping
(6) Defective tools, equipment, or supplies
(7) Congestion in the workplace
(8) Excessive noise, heat, dust or vibration
(9) Poor ventilation
(10) Improper lighting
(11) Poor workplace arrangement

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 EXAMPLE UNSAFE CONDITIONS (1)

With a built-in bench in front of the door - not much of a Fire Exit

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 EXAMPLE UNSAFE CONDITIONS (2)

This battery was 17 years out of date when inspected

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 INCIDENT PREVENTION
(HIRARC TECHNIQUE)

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 HAZARD
IDENTIFICATION

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
 To keep workplace safe and healthy.
- employers should make sure there are no
hazards to which employees could be exposed.
 Employers should look for hazards in advance
as part of their risk management plan to prevent
potential hazards.

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 CLASSIFICATION & POTENTIAL
SOURCES OF HAZARDS

Classification Example of Hazards

 Mechanical - Sharp points & edges, overload.
 Electrical - Insulation damaged or cover broken
 Biological - Exposed, airborne/blood borne
 microorganism.
 Chemical - Expose to carcinogens chemical
 Ergonomics - Expose to unnatural postures
 Psychological- Stress or violent at workplace.

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

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 RISK ASSESSMENT

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 RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk Assessment is the process of
evaluating the risk to safety & health from
hazards at work

Types
-Qualitative
-Semi-quantitative
-Quantitative

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 HOW TO ASSESS RISK
1) Look for the Hazards
2) Decide who might be harmed & how
3) Evaluate the risk and check what is
done to prevent it from happening
4) Record finding
5) Review assessment and revise it if
necessary

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 TYPES OF RISK ASSESSMENT
(1) Qualitative
Use Risk Matrix – A table scales for likelihood and
severity

SEVERITY LIKELIHOOD

Fatality Very likely

Major injuries Likely
Minor injuries Unlikely
Dangerous Occurrence Highly Unlikely
or near misses
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 QUALITATIVE RISK TABLE
Likelihood
Severity
V/Likely Likely Unlikely H/Unlikely

Fatality High High High Medium

Major High High Medium Medium
Injuries
Minor High Medium Medium Low
Injuries
First Aid/ Medium Medium Low Low
N/misses
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 TYPES OF RISK ASSESSMENT
(2) Semi - Quantitative
Use Risk Matrix – A table scales for likelihood and
severity

SEVERITY LIKELIHOOD

First Aid Yearly

Less than 4 days M/C Monthly
More than 4 days M/C Weekly
Fatality & Permanent Daily
Disability
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SEMI-QUANTITATIVE RISK TABLE
LIKELIHOOD
S Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily

E 1 2 3 4
First Aid 1 1 2 3 4
V
E < 4 Days MC 2 2 4 6 8

R > 4 Days MC 3 3 6 9 12
I
Fatality & 4 4 8 12 16
T Permanent
Disability
y
 TYPES OF RISK ASSESSMENT

(3) Quantitative
In cases where hazards are numerous and
complex. Example: Chemical process plant

 Should have Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

 Describe job in less than 10 steps
 List things that can go wrong. Example:
Changing a Car Wheel
 RISK CONTROL

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 RISK CONTROL

 Corrective Action
 Review current safety measure
 Improvement plan
 Implementation

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 RISK CONTROL
There are six elements in controlling the risks which are;

ELEMENT EXAMPLE
EL - Eliminate stop work, cover hazard…
SL - Substitute use other route, other material..
IS - Isolation put up temporary barrier..
EC - Engineering Control construct permanent wall..
AC - Administration Control put up notice, job rotation,..
PPE - Personal Protection gloves, respirator,..
Equipment

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