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    L 1 Crude Oils Chemistry and Composition

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    Nadeem
    Crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons that may also contain compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. It typically contains 25% aliphatic hydrocarbons, 17% aromatics, and 50% naphthenes. Crude oil also contains small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. The main hydrocarbon types found in crude oil are paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, and napthalenes. Characterization factors like the UOP characterization factor and U.S. Bureau of Mines correlation index are used to characterize crude oils based on properties like boiling point and specific gravity.

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    L 1 Crude Oils Chemistry and Composition

    Uploaded by

    Nadeem
    35 views12 pages
    Crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons that may also contain compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. It typically contains 25% aliphatic hydrocarbons, 17% aromatics, and 50% naphthenes. Crude oil also contains small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. The main hydrocarbon types found in crude oil are paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, and napthalenes. Characterization factors like the UOP characterization factor and U.S. Bureau of Mines correlation index are used to characterize crude oils based on properties like boiling point and specific gravity.

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    L-1-Crude-Oils-Chemistry-and-Composition (2)

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    Crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons that may also contain compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. It typically contains 25% aliphatic hydrocarbons, 17% aromatics, and 50% naphthenes. Crude oil also contains small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. The main hydrocarbon types found in crude oil are paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, and napthalenes. Characterization factors like the UOP characterization factor and U.S. Bureau of Mines correlation index are used to characterize crude oils based on properties like boiling point and specific gravity.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    35 views12 pages

    L 1 Crude Oils Chemistry and Composition

    Uploaded by

    Nadeem
    Crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons that may also contain compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. It typically contains 25% aliphatic hydrocarbons, 17% aromatics, and 50% naphthenes. Crude oil also contains small amounts of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals. The main hydrocarbon types found in crude oil are paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics, and napthalenes. Characterization factors like the UOP characterization factor and U.S. Bureau of Mines correlation index are used to characterize crude oils based on properties like boiling point and specific gravity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    CRUDE OIL

    CHEMISTRY AND COMPOSITION

    1
    CONTENT

    1. INTRODUCTION
    2. Composition of Crude Oil
    3. Crude chemistry
    i. Olefins
    ii. Naphthenes
    iii. Aromatics
    iv. Napthalenes
    v. Asphaltenes
    4. Characterization Factors
    2
    INTRODUCTION -
    Petroleum (also called crude oil) is a naturally mixture of hydrocarbons, generally in the liquid state, that may also
    include compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, and metals and other elements (ASTM D-4175). Inorganic sediment
    and water may also be present. The elementary composition of crude oil usually falls within the following ranges:

    3
    Composition of Crude Oil -
    CRUDE OIL

    HYDROCARBONS NON-HYDROCARBONS

    ALIPHATICS AROMATICS NAPHTHENES SULFURS NITROGENS OXYGENS METALLICS


    25% 17% 50% <8% <1% <3% <100PPM

    C1 - C60 (C6H 5)n O


    CY CLOALKANES
    SH

    N
    H C O OH
    S

    4
    Crude chemistry –
    Paraffin: Paraffin refer to alkanes such as methane, ethane, propane, n and iso butane, n and
    iso pentane. These compounds are primarily obtained as a gas fraction from the crude
    distillation unit.

    5
    Olefins –
    Alkenes such as ethylene, propylene and butylenes are highly chemically reactive.
    They are not found in mentionable quantities in crude oil but are encountered in
    some refinery processes such as alkylation.

    6
    Naphthenes –
    Naphthenes or cycloalkanes such as cyclopropane, methyl cyclohexane are also present in
    the crude oil. These compounds are not aromatic and hence do not contribute much to the
    octane number. Therefore, in the reforming reaction, these compounds are targeted to
    generate aromatics which have higher octane numbers than the naphthenes.

    7
    Aromatics –
    Aromatics such as benzene, toluene o/m/p-xylene are also available in the crude oil. These
    contribute towards higher octane number products and the target is to maximize their
    quantity in a refinery process.

    8
    Napthalenes –
    • Polynuclear aromatics such as naphthalenes consist of two or three or more aromatic
    rings.
    • Their molecular weight is usually between 150 – 500.

    Organic sulphur compounds –


    Organic sulphur compounds such as thiophene, pyridine also exist in the crude oil. The basic
    difficulty of these organic sulphur compounds is the additional hydrogen requirements in the
    hydrotreaters to meet the EURO 5 standard.
    Oxygen containing compounds –
    These compounds do not exist 2 % by weight in the crude oil. Typical examples are acetic and
    benzoic acids. These compounds cause corrosion and therefore needs to be effectively
    handled.
    9
    Asphaltenes –
    Asphaltenes are polynuclear aromatic structures consisting of 20 or more aromatic rings
    along with paraffinic and naphthenic chains. A crude with high quantities of resins and
    asphaltenes (heavy crude) is usually targeted for coke production.

    Resins –
    Resins are polynuclear aromatic structures supported with side chains of paraffins and small
    ring aromatics. Their molecular weights vary between 500 – 1500. These compounds also
    contain sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, vanadium and nickel.

    10
    Characterization Factors
    • There are several correlations between yield and the aromaticity and Paraffinicity of crude
    oils, but the two most widely used are -
     The UOP or Watson ‘‘characterization factor’’ (KW)
     The U.S. Bureau of Mines ‘‘correlation index’’ (CI).

    The UOP Characterization Factor, commonly called KUOP, is indicative of the general origin
    and nature of a petroleum stock.
    This factor correlates boiling point with specific gravity, according to thee following
    expression.

    11
    THANK YOU

    12

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