Chapter 5 Mobility & Education

ESS 221
SCHOOL, SOCIETY&FAMILY
CHAPTER 5
MOBILITY & EDUCATION

1. Explain the meaning of social mobility, types of social mobility, and the
determinants of social mobility.
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or

groups within the social hierarchy or class structure of a
society. It involves changes in socioeconomic status,
occupation, income, and educational attainment.
There are four types of social mobility:
a) Upward Mobility: Individuals or groups move from a lower social position to a higher one. For
example, a person from a working-class background becoming a successful entrepreneur.
b) Downward Mobility: Individuals or groups experience a decline in their social position, moving
from a higher social status to a lower one. This can occur due to economic setbacks, unemployment,
or other factors.
c) Intergenerational Mobility: It refers to changes in social status between generations, where

children's social position differs from that of their parents. For instance, when children achieve a
higher level of education or occupational status compared to their parents.
d) Intragenerational Mobility: It involves changes in social position within an individual's lifetime.

For example, an individual starting in a low-income job but later advancing to a higher-paying
occupation.
2. Give reasons why group mobility occurs
and condition that permits mobility
a) Economic Changes: Technological advancements, economic growth, or
economic crises can lead to shifts in the demand for certain skills or
industries. This can impact the mobility of groups working in those sectors.
b) Social Movements: Social movements advocating for equal rights, social

justice, or political change can create opportunities for group mobility by
challenging existing power structures and promoting social advancement.
c) Educational Access: Improving access to quality education for marginalized

groups can increase their chances of upward mobility by providing them with the
necessary skills and knowledge.
3. Describe mobility of ethnic among the Chams
and Bosnians.
1.The mobility of ethnic groups, such as the Chams and Bosnians, can be influenced
by various factors. It's important to note that the experiences and opportunities for
mobility can vary within each group. The specific mobility patterns among ethnic
groups depend on socioeconomic factors, historical context, political conditions, and
cultural dynamics.
2.For example, the Chams, an ethnic minority in Southeast Asia, have experienced
varying degrees of mobility based on factors like education, access to resources,
political stability, and social integration within their respective countries.
3.Similarly, Bosnians, who have faced significant challenges due to conflicts and
displacement, have experienced varying levels of mobility depending on factors like
resettlement opportunities, access to education and employment, and social
integration in host countries.
4. Explain the types of mobility in the labor market
and how it has affected the women in Hong Kong,
China and United States.
Types of mobility in the labor market can include

occupational mobility and wage mobility. The impact of
labor market mobility on women in Hong Kong, China,
and the United States can vary:
In Hong Kong, women have experienced significant

occupational mobility in recent decades, with increasing
participation in professional and managerial roles.
However, wage mobility remains a concern, as women
often face gender pay gaps and limited access to high-
paying positions.
In China, women's labor market mobility has increased due to economic
reforms and urbanization. However, gender disparities persist, and women face
challenges in accessing higher-paying jobs and breaking through the glass
ceiling.
In the United States, women have made strides in labor market mobility,
attaining higher levels of education and entering a wide range of occupations.
Nonetheless, gender-based wage gaps and occupational segregation persist,
limiting their upward mobility potential.
Gender disparities in labor market mobility highlight the importance of

addressing barriers to equal opportunities, promoting workplace equality, and
implementing policies that support women's career advancement.
5. Describe the resources that parents can transmit to their children.
Parents can transmit various resources to their children, which can impact their future
mobility and opportunities. These resources include:
a) Human Capital: Parents can pass on knowledge, skills, and educational attainment to
their children, enhancing their prospects for higher education and better job opportunities.
b) Social Capital: Connections, networks, and social relationships cultivated by parents

can provide access to job opportunities, mentorship, and support networks for their
children.
c) Financial Capital: Parents can provide financial resources, such as savings, inheritance,
or investments, which can support their children's education, skill development, and access
to opportunities.
d) Cultural Capital: Cultural values, attitudes, and norms passed down by parents can
shape children's behaviors, aspirations, and abilities to navigate social systems and succeed
in educational and professional settings.
6. Relate education to social mobility and
how it has affected globally
Education is closely linked to social mobility. It plays a crucial role in
providing individuals with knowledge, skills, and qualifications necessary for
upward mobility. Education can contribute to social mobility by:
a) Equipping Individuals with Skills: Education provides individuals with the

necessary skills and knowledge to access better job opportunities and
higher-paying occupations.
b) Breaking the Cycle of Poverty: Education can empower individuals from

disadvantaged backgrounds to overcome socioeconomic barriers and
achieve upward mobility.
c) Enhancing Social Capital: Educational institutions provide
opportunities for socialization, networking, and building
connections, which can open doors to future opportunities
and social mobility.
d) Promoting Meritocracy: Education, when based on merit

and equal access, provides a level playing field where
individuals can advance based on their abilities and
achievements rather than their social background.
However, inequalities in educational access, quality, and

resources can hinder social mobility. Addressing disparities
in educational opportunities and providing equal access to
quality education are crucial for promoting social mobility
globally.
7. Describe the academic mobility programs in the South-East
Asian Region and how it has enhanced understanding and
cooperation between institutions and countries.
a) Foster Cultural Exchange: Academic mobility programs bring

together students, researchers, and educators from different
countries, promoting cultural exchange and understanding.
b) Facilitate Knowledge Sharing: Students and scholars gain

exposure to diverse perspectives, methodologies, and research
findings, enriching their educational experience and contributing to
cross-border collaborations.
c) Expand Opportunities: Academic mobility programs provide students with the
opportunity to study abroad, access resources and expertise not available in their home
countries, and develop international networks that can benefit their future careers.
d) Strengthen Institutional Collaboration: Academic mobility programs encourage

collaboration and partnership between educational institutions in the region, promoting
research collaborations, joint degree programs, and faculty exchange.
These programs contribute to the development of a more interconnected and collaborative

academic community, fostering mutual understanding, cooperation, and the exchange of
knowledge and ideas.
THE END
THANKS

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ESS 221

MOBILITY & EDUCATION

Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or

c) Intergenerational Mobility: It refers to changes in social status between generations, where

d) Intragenerational Mobility: It involves changes in social position within an individual's lifetime.

b) Social Movements: Social movements advocating for equal rights, social

c) Educational Access: Improving access to quality education for marginalized

Types of mobility in the labor market can include

In Hong Kong, women have experienced significant

Gender disparities in labor market mobility highlight the importance of

b) Social Capital: Connections, networks, and social relationships cultivated by parents

a) Equipping Individuals with Skills: Education provides individuals with the

b) Breaking the Cycle of Poverty: Education can empower individuals from

d) Promoting Meritocracy: Education, when based on merit

However, inequalities in educational access, quality, and

a) Foster Cultural Exchange: Academic mobility programs bring

b) Facilitate Knowledge Sharing: Students and scholars gain

d) Strengthen Institutional Collaboration: Academic mobility programs encourage

These programs contribute to the development of a more interconnected and collaborative

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