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    Week 2

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    Misael Masauring Basia
    This document provides information on key concepts in laboratory mathematics and computation including: 1) Units of measure - the SI system and common prefixes used to modify units of measure. Measurement requires both a numerical value and associated unit. 2) Conversions - within and between measurement systems, including conversions between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures. 3) Dilutions - expressions of concentration changes through mixing of concentrated solutions with diluents, including dilution factors and serial dilutions. 4) Percent solutions - expressions of solute amounts per total units of solutions, including calculations involving weight/weight, volume/volume, and weight/volume percent solutions.

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    Week 2

    Uploaded by

    Misael Masauring Basia
    44 views43 pages
    This document provides information on key concepts in laboratory mathematics and computation including: 1) Units of measure - the SI system and common prefixes used to modify units of measure. Measurement requires both a numerical value and associated unit. 2) Conversions - within and between measurement systems, including conversions between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures. 3) Dilutions - expressions of concentration changes through mixing of concentrated solutions with diluents, including dilution factors and serial dilutions. 4) Percent solutions - expressions of solute amounts per total units of solutions, including calculations involving weight/weight, volume/volume, and weight/volume percent solutions.

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    This document provides information on key concepts in laboratory mathematics and computation including: 1) Units of measure - the SI system and common prefixes used to modify units of measure. Measurement requires both a numerical value and associated unit. 2) Conversions - within and between measurement systems, including conversions between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures. 3) Dilutions - expressions of concentration changes through mixing of concentrated solutions with diluents, including dilution factors and serial dilutions. 4) Percent solutions - expressions of solute amounts per total units of solutions, including calculations involving weight/weight, volume/volume, and weight/volume percent solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    44 views43 pages

    Week 2

    Uploaded by

    Misael Masauring Basia
    This document provides information on key concepts in laboratory mathematics and computation including: 1) Units of measure - the SI system and common prefixes used to modify units of measure. Measurement requires both a numerical value and associated unit. 2) Conversions - within and between measurement systems, including conversions between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures. 3) Dilutions - expressions of concentration changes through mixing of concentrated solutions with diluents, including dilution factors and serial dilutions. 4) Percent solutions - expressions of solute amounts per total units of solutions, including calculations involving weight/weight, volume/volume, and weight/volume percent solutions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 43

    LABORATORY

    MATHEMATIC AND
    COMPUTATION
    UNITS OF MEASURE

    • Measurement requires a numerical value and a unit


    • SI units:
    • length ( meter )
    • mass ( gram )
    • quantity ( mole )
    • Volume ( liter )
    • Time ( second )

    • Basic units describe unrelated physical quantities

    • Laboratory results almost always have units of measurement associated


    with them
    UNIT OF MEASURE: PREFIXES

    • Common prefixes that are added to units of measure:


    • deci (d) 10-1 nano (n) 10-9
    • centi (c) 10-2 pico (p) 10-12
    • milli (m) 10-3 femto (f) 10-15
    • micro ( μ) 10-6
    Example: A common unit of liquid measurement is a deciliter( dl ), or
    one – tenth of a liter

    • Combine a prefix with a basic unit results in a statement of a specific


    length, weight or volume
    • Reporting clinical chemistry results may be in units such as :
    • mg / dL
    • g / dL
    • mEq / L
    CONVERSIONS

    • Most conversions within the metric system occur in units of TEN


    where changing a unit of measure to a higher or lower designation
    requires moving the decimal one place either to the left or to the right.

    • When converting measures in either the high end of the scale


    (example kilo to mega) or the low end of the scale (examples milli to
    micro, micro to nano, etc.) the decimal must be moved three places
    right or left as the prefix designations are assigned only to every third
    unit in the extreme ends.
    SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

    • The minimum number of digits needed to express a particular


    value in scientific notation without losing accuracy.
    • 814.2 = 8.142 x 102
    • 4 significant figures

    • 0.000641 = 6.41 x 10 -4
    • 3 significant figures

    • The zeros are merely holding decimal places and are not
    needed to properly express the number in scientific notation.
    SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

    • zeros following a decimal point are considered


    significant.
    • 10.00
    • has four significant figures
    EXAMPLE OF A CONVERSION

    • How many mls are there in 2.5 liters?

    • The question you have to ask yourself is, what is


    the relationship between liters and mls? The
    answer : 1 liter = 1000 ml
    • We want to get rid of the “liters’ units and end up
    with “mls” … Right ?
     1000 mls 
    2.5 Liter    2500 mls
     1 Liter 
    1.25 liters = _____ mls ? Remember, write a fraction that does two things:

    1. Equals 1
    2. Gets rid of unwanted units and / or adds needed units

     1 00 0 m ls 
    1.2 5 L iters   1 L iter   1 2 5 0 m ls

    100 mg = _________ ug ?

     1 0 0 0 ug 
    1 0 0 m g   1 m g   1 0 ,0 0 0 0 ug
    • Another conversion example

    • “Physiological Saline” is used in Blood Banks and Hematology to prepare Red Blood
    Cell suspensions.
    • Physiological Saline is usually listed as being 0.9 % NaCl
    • 0.9 grams of NaCl is added to 100 mls deionized water to make physiological saline
    • What is the Normality (N) of physiological saline?

     0 .9 gram s N aC l   1 E qW t N aC l   1 00 0 m ls 
         0 .1 5 N
     1 0 0 m ls w ater   5 8 gram s   1 L iter 

    Unwanted units cancel


    out Fraction = 1 Fraction = 1
    leaving EqWt / Liter = N
    Conversions are manipulations of the units – not the values !!!
    TEMPERATURE

    • Scientific measurement of temperature is always expressed in the Celsius (C) scale , not Fahrenheit (F)
    • Measurement of temperature is an important component of the clinical lab. Instruments, refrigerators
    and incubators are required to operate within specific temperatures that must be maintained and
    monitored.
    • Each laboratory must have a NIST calibrated thermometer in order to ensure the accuracy of other
    thermometers in the laboratory
    • Celsius scale: 0 degrees = freezing point of water

    100 degrees = boiling point of water


    • Conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit and Fahrenheit to Celsius

    • F° = ( C ° x 1.8 ) + 32

    • C° = ( F ° - 32 )

    1.8
    CONVERSION: TEMPERATURE

    • Conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit and Fahrenheit


    to Celsius
    • F° = ( C ° x 1.8 ) + 32
    • C° = ( F ° - 32 )

    1.8
    • For example:
    • Your refrigerator at home is probably around 40 ° F. What is that in Celsius?
    • Celsius= 40-32 = 4.4
    1.8
    • Water boils at 100 ° C. What is that expressed in Fahrenheit?
    F ahrenheit  1.8  100   32  212
    DILUTION

    • ratio of concentrated or stock material to the total final


    volume of a solution and consists of the volume or weight
    of the concentrate plus the volume of the diluent, with the
    concentration units remaining the same.
    • Dilution factor
    • ratio of concentrated or stock solution to the total solution volume
    DILUTION

    • Ratio is always expressed using a colon.


    • Dilution can be expressed as either a fraction or a ratio.
    DILUTION
    • A ratio of the concentrate to the total (final) volume.
    • A 1:4 dilution has a 1 volume of sample and 3 volumes of diluent
    mixed together.

    • Any volume can be used to create this dilution, but it must


    be the same unit of volume
    • Keep in mind the sample size when making your dilution
    • For example: a 2:3 dilution could contain:
    • 2 mL serum: 1 mL pure water
    • 20 µL of serum: 10 µL of pure water
    • 0.2 mL of serum: 0.1 mL of pure water
    DILUTION

    The relationship of the dilution factor to


    Dilution = 1/5 concentration is an inverse one; thus, the dilution
    factor increases as the concentration decreases.
    DILUTION

    • What is the dilution factor needed to make a 100


    mEq/L sodium solution from a 3,000 mEq/L
    stock solution?
    • Given
    • Total solution volume = 100 mEq/L
    • Stock solution = 3,000 mEq/L

    • Problem
    • Dilution factor
    DILUTION

    • Dilution factor = total solution volume / stock solution


    • = (100 mEq/L) / (3,000 mEq/L)
    • = (100 mEq/L) x (1 L/3,000 mEq)
    • = 100/3,000
    • = 1/30
    DILUTIONS

    • Find the dilution factor:

    0.1 mL serum
    2.9 mL Distilled water
    1.0 mL reagent A
    1.0 mL reagent B
    5.0 mL total volume

    0.1 mL serum = 1
    5.0 mL total x
    x = 5.0 ml
    0.1 ml
    x = 50 (that is the dilution factor)
    Dilution is 1/50
    EXAMPLES OF DILUTIONS AND DILUTION FACTORS

    Parts Parts Total Dilution Dilution


    Specimen Diluent Volume Factor

    1.0 1.0 2.0 1:2 2

    1.0 2.0 3.0 1:3 3

    1.0 3.0 4.0 1:4 4

    1.0 9.0 10.0 1 : 10 10

    0.5 4.5 5.0 1 : 10 10

    0.2 1.8 2.0 1 : 10 10

    0.2 9.8 10.0 1 : 50 50


    SERIAL DILUTIONS

    • given a series of tubes.


    • Each tube having a measured amount of a diluent.
    • You are instructed to add a specified amount of specimen
    into the first tube, mix well and transfer a specified
    amount of the mixture to the next tube, etc.
    SERIAL DILUTIONS

    • Example:
    • 6 tubes, each with 0.5 mL DI water
    • Add 0.2 mL serum to first tube and serially dilute
    • Find the dilution in tube # 6
    • Find the dilution factor (will be the same in each of these tubes)

    • 1/dil factor x 1/dil factor x 1/dil factor (etc. 6 times)

    • Result multiplying the numerator 1x1x1x1x1x1x1x = 1

    • Multiplying the denominators

    • Will give the result as 1 / 1,838


    PERCENT SOLUTION

    • Percent solutions
    • equal parts per hundred or the amount of solute per 100
    total units of solution.
    • weight per weight (w/w)
    • volume per volume (v/v)
    • weight per volume (w/v)
    • grams per 100 ml
    PERCENT SOLUTION

    • How many grams of HCl to make up 100 g of a 5%


    aqueous solution of 12 M hydrochloric acid?
    • How many ml of diluent to make up 50 ml of a 2 % (v/v)
    concentrated HCl?
    • How many grams of NaOH to make up 1,000 ml of 10%
    (w/v) solution?
    NORMALITY

    • Normality (N) is expressed as the number of


    equivalent weights per liter (Eq/L) or
    milliequivalents per milliliter (mEq/mL).
    • Equivalent weight is equal to gmw divided by the
    valence (V)
    NORMALITY

    • What is the normality of a 500-mL


    solution that contains 7 g of H2SO4?
    H2SO4: gmw = 98, valence = 2, Eq = 49
    MOLARITY

    • Molarity (M) is routinely expressed in units of moles per


    liter (mol/L) or sometimes millimoles per milliliter
    (mmol/mL).
    • Remember that 1 mol of a substance is equal to the gmw of
    that substance
    MOLARITY

    • A solution of NaOH is contained within a Class A 1-L


    volumetric flask filled to the calibration mark. The content
    label reads 24 g of NaOH. Determine the molarity
    gmw of NaOH = 40 g/mol
    pH and pOH

    • Monoprotic acid
    • Substance that donates H+ ion into a solution

    H CL

    HCl disociate

    H+ CL
    pH and pOH

    • Polyprotic acid
    • Substance that donates multiple H+ ions into a solution

    H SO4 H [H2SO4] = 1x10-3M


    H2SO4 dissociate

    [H2] = 2x10-3M SO4


    H +
    H +
    LOGARITHMS

    • The base 10 logarithm (log) of a positive number N greater


    than zero is equal to the exponent to which 10 must be
    raised to produce N
    • N = 10x
    log N = x
    LOGARITHMS

    • Character
    • number to the left of the
    decimal point in the log and
    is derived from the exponent

    • Mantissa
    • right of the decimal point
    and is derived from the
    number itself
    LOGARITHMS

    • x is negative exponent base 10 expressed without the minus


    sign
    • N is the decimal portion of the scientific notations
    expression
    • Ex. Hydrogen ion concentration is 5.4x10-6
    x=6
    N = 5.4
    • pH = x – log N
    = 6 – log 5.4
    = 6 – 0.73
    • pH = 5.27
    • If pH is given, x is always the next largest whole number
    • pH = 5.27
    x=6
    5.27 = 6 – log N
    (-1)(5.27) = (-1)(6) – (-1)(log N)
    - 5.27 = -6 + log N
    6 – 5.27 = log N
    0.73 = log N
    antilog 0.73 = N
    N = 5.37 or 5.4
    • Hydrogen concentration = 5.4 x 10-6
    • pH = 5.27
    x=6
    • N = antilog (x-pH)
    = antilog (6 – 5.27)
    = antilog 0.73
    = 5.37
    Hydrogen concentration = 5.4 x 10-6
    pH and pOH

    • [H+] = acid concentration


    • [OH-] = base concentration
    • [H+] x [OH-] = 1x10-14
    • pH + pOH = 14
    • pH
    • 0 to 7 = acid
    • 7 = neutral
    • 7 to 14 = base
    pH and pOH

    • Calculate the pH, pOH, [H+] and the [OH-] of NaOH with a
    concentration of 4x10-3 M
    • NaOH = 4x10-3
    [OH-] = 4x10-3

    • pOH = -log [OH-]


    = -log [4x10-3]
    = 2.4
    pH and pOH

    • Calculate the pH, pOH, [H+] and the [OH-] of NaOH with a
    concentration of 4x10-3 M
    • pH = 14 – pOH
    = 14 – 2.4
    = 11.6

    • [H+] x [OH-] = 1x10-14


    [H+] = 1x10-14/[OH-]
    = 1x10-14/4x10-3
    = 2.5 x 10-12
    pH and pOH

    • [H+] = 10x
    = 10-11.6
    X = 11.6
    N = 12 – 11.6
    = 0.4
    [H+] = 2.51 x 10-12 M
    pH and pOH

    • What is the pH solution if the [H+] is 1x10-3 M?


    • pH = - log [H+]
    =- log [1x10-3]
    =3
    • If the number is 1, then the pH is equal to the positive value
    of the superscript
    pH and pOH

    • What is the pH HCl solution if its molarity is 1.5x10-4?


    • pH = - log [H+]
    =- log [1.5x10-4]
    = 3.82
    pH and pOH

    • What is the pH of H2SO4 solution if its molarity is 1.5x10-4?

    • pH = - log [H+]
    =- log [(2)(1.5x10-4)]
    = - log [3x10-4]
    = 3.5
    pH and pOH

    • What is the pH of H3PO4 solution if its molarity is 1.5x10-4?

    • pH = - log [H+]
    =- log [(3)(1.5x10-4)]
    = - log [4.5x10-4]
    = 3.35

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