6.2.1 Magnetism

FC312E
PHYSICS
Theme: 6 Hour: 2 Magnetism
Module Learning Outcome Academic Literacy
Explain the phenomenon of Use theoretical concepts to analyse real-world
electromagnetic induction practices.
Apply in real-world contexts Develop ability to read, comprehend and express
mathematical arguments
Use subject-specific vocabulary effectively.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Outline (Hour 2)
• Magnetic field and force
• Lorentz force
• Right hand rule
• Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’s Law
• Lenz’s Law
Faraday and Lenz’s Laws
Magnetic Field Due to Current
• Since a wire carrying current has a magnetic field around
it, then if it is placed near another wire carrying a current
then they will both experience a force.
• This force is may be attractive or repulsive dependent on
the current direction.
Magnetic Field and Force
• Since a wire carrying current has a magnetic field around
it then if it is placed near a permanent magnet it will
experience a force.
• This force is strongest when the field lines are
perpendicular to the direction of the current.
• The direction of the
force can be predicted,
if the directions of the
field and current are
known, using the left
hand rule.
• Current, field and force

are all perpendicular.
• Experiments show that magnitude of the force
experienced by a current carrying wire is directly
proportional to:
• the magnetic flux density, B;
• the magnitude of the current, I;
• the length of wire, l, in the magnetic field; and
• the sin of the angle between the current and the magnetic
field.
• Thus F = B I L sinθ
• This relationship provides a means of defining
the unit of magnetic flux density, B, the Tesla, T.
• One Tesla is defined as the perpendicular
magnetic flux density required for a 1 m long
wire, carrying a current of 1 A, to produce a force
of 1 N.
• Therefore B = F/IL when the field is at right
angles to the current.
Lorentz Force
The magnetic force is felt by moving charged particles
while they travel under the influence of a magnetic field.
~ velocity
electric
charge v
q
B flux
magnetic
~
density
Lorentz Force
This magnetic force is called the Lorentz
force, and it can be written as:
F~= q~v B~
So the magnitude of the force is
F = |q|vB sin
~v
✓ ✓
q
B
Lorentz Force
The magnetic field influencing the motion of an
object of charge q which is moving with a velocity v
is:
B = F
|q|v sin ✓ ~
v✓
q
B
Lorentz Force
The direction of the Lorentz force is always
perpendicular to both the velocity and the
magnetic field vectors.
velocity
magnetic
Force
field
Magnetic Force: Right Hand Rule
Using your right hand, your fingers
move from the velocity vector to the
magnetic field vector. Your thumb will
point in the direction of the force.
side view top view

Magnetic Force
Electromagnetic Induction
• We have seen that a force is produced when a magnetic
field and electric current are crossed.
• The reverse effect applies: movement of a wire relative to

a magnetic field induces a potential difference (or EMF)
which causes current to flow if the circuit is closed.
• A useful demonstration is at:

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/java/faraday2/
Faraday's laws of electromagnetic
induction state:
i. An induced e.m.f. is set up

whenever the magnetic field
linking that circuit changes.
ii. The magnitude of the

induced
e.m.f. in any circuit is proportional
to the rate of change of the
magnetic flux linking the circuit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KGTZPTnZBFE
• The EMF is given by Faraday’s Law:
d
  Blv 
dt
• B is the magnetic flux density, l is the conductor length and
v is the velocity of the conductor cutting through the field.
• Lenz’s Law shows that the current acts in the direction

that would oppose the force.
• The process of electromagnetic induction is used to
generate electricity.
– motional input provides electrical output.
• Induction is also the principal of a transformer.
N D N S I P VS
  
N C N P I S VP
Lenz’s Law
Direction of e.m.f is such
that it will try to oppose the
change in flux that is
producing it.
Faraday’s Law can also be

written as:
E.m.f = -N ∆φ /∆t
opposite signs
Lenz’s Law
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BeFoz3Ypo4
Magnetic Flux: Example
1. How much flux is linking a 200 turn coil of area
0.10 m2, when it is placed at 900 to a magnetic field
of flux density 2.5 x 10-3 T?
2. A coil of 100 turns and area 0.20 m2 is at 900 to a

flux density which decreases from 0.5 T to 0.2 T.
What is the change in the flux linkage of the coil?
Answer:
1. How much flux is linking a 200 turn coil of area 0.10 m2,
when it is placed at 900 to a magnetic field of flux density
2.5 x 10-3 T?
e.m.f = -N∆φ /∆t
N = 200, A = 0.10 m2, B = 2.5 x 10-3 T
∆φ= BA = 2.5 x 10-3 x 0.10
= 250 x10-6
e.m.f x ∆t = -NBA
= -200 x 2.5 x 10 -3 x
0.1
= -50 x 10 -3 Vs
Answer:
2. A coil of 100 turns and area 0.20 m2 is at 900 to a flux density

which decreases from 0.5 T to 0.2 T. What is the change in the
flux linkage of the coil?
e.m.f = -N∆φ /∆t
N = 100, A = 0.20 m2, B1 = 0.5 T, B2 = 0.2 T
∆φ = ∆B A
= (0.2-0.5) x 0.20
= -0.3 x 0.2 = -0.06 Wb
Rearranging for change in flux linkage;
e.m.f x ∆t = -N∆φ = -100 x -0.06 = 6 Vs
Faraday’s Law: Example
A search coil has 5000 turns and an area of 1.0x 10-4 m2.
It is placed in a long current - carrying coil, so that its face
is at 900 to the lines of magnetic flux inside the coil.
What e.m.f is induced across the coil when the flux

density inside it changes from 2.5 x10-3 T to 1.3 x 10-3 T in
0.4 s?
Answer:
A search coil has 5000 turns and an area of 1.0x 10-4 m2. It is
placed in a long current-carrying coil, so that its face is at 900 to
the lines of magnetic flux inside the coil. What e.m.f is induced
across the coil when the flux density inside it changes from
2.5 x 10-3 T to 1.3 x 10-3 T in 0.4 s?
e.m.f = -N ∆φ /∆t and ∆φ = ∆B

N = 5000, A = 1.0x 10 -4 m2,
B1 = 2.5 x 10-3 T, B2 = 1.3 x 10-3 T,
∆t = 0.4s
e.m.f = -5000 x (1.3-2.5) x 10-3 x 1.0 x
10-4 /0.4
-3
Faraday’s Law
If B is the flux density, l the length of the conductor in the

magnetic field, v the velocity of the conductor and θ the
angle the conductor is to the magnetic field.
Then induced emf can be calculated from:
E = BLv sin θ
At what velocity must a conductor 75 mm long cut a

magnetic field of flux density 0.6 T if an e.m.f. of 9 V is to
be induced in it?
Assume the conductor, the field and the direction of

motion are mutually perpendicular.
Answer:
At what velocity must a conductor 75 mm long cut a

magnetic field of flux density 0.6 T if an e.m.f. of 9 V is to
be induced in it? Assume the conductor, the field and the
direction of motion are mutually perpendicular.
E = BLv sin θ
L = 75 x 10-3 m, B = 0.6 T, E = 9 V, sin90∘ = 1
Rearranging for v;
v= E/BL
v = 200 m/s

6.2.1 Magnetism

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FC312E

• Right hand rule

• Electromagnetic induction – Faraday’s Law

• Current, field and force

side view top view

• The reverse effect applies: movement of a wire relative to

• A useful demonstration is at:

i. An induced e.m.f. is set up

ii. The magnitude of the

• Lenz’s Law shows that the current acts in the direction

• Induction is also the principal of a transformer.

Faraday’s Law can also be

2. A coil of 100 turns and area 0.20 m2 is at 900 to a

2. A coil of 100 turns and area 0.20 m2 is at 900 to a flux density

What e.m.f is induced across the coil when the flux

e.m.f = -N ∆φ /∆t and ∆φ = ∆B

If B is the flux density, l the length of the conductor in the

Then induced emf can be calculated from:

At what velocity must a conductor 75 mm long cut a

Assume the conductor, the field and the direction of

At what velocity must a conductor 75 mm long cut a

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