Physics 32 - Electromagnetic Effects 1
Physics 32 - Electromagnetic Effects 1
Physics 32 - Electromagnetic Effects 1
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
Core Supplement
• Show understanding that a conductor moving Show understanding that a conductor
across a magnetic field or a changing magnetic moving across a magnetic field or a changing
field linking with a conductor can induce an magnetic field linking with a conductor can
e.m.f. in the conductor induce an e.m.f. in the conductor
• Describe an experiment to demonstrate • Describe an experiment to demonstrate
electromagnetic induction • State the factors electromagnetic induction
affecting the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. • State the factors affecting the magnitude
Distinguish between direct current (d.c.) and of an induced e.m.f.
alternating current (a.c.)
Describe and explain a rotating-coil
Describe the construction of a basic
transformer with a soft-iron core, as used for
generator and the use of slip rings
voltage transformations • Sketch a graph of voltage output against
• Recall and use the equation (Vp / Vs) = (Np / time for a simple a.c. generator
Ns) • Relate the position of the generator coil
• Understand the terms step-up and step-down to the peaks and zeros of the voltage
• Describe the use of the transformer in high- output
voltage transmission of electricity Describe the principle of operation of a
• Give the advantages of high-voltage transformer
transmission • Recall and use the equation Ip Vp = Is Vs
(for 100% efficiency)
• Explain why power losses in cables are
lower when the voltage is high
Show understanding that a
conductor moving across a
magnetic field or a changing
magnetic field linking with a
conductor can induce an
e.m.f. in the conductor
e.m…..what?
e.m.f. is an abbreviation for
electromotive force. When
charge flows through a cell
Show understanding that a it is given energy by the cell.
conductor moving across a
magnetic field or a changing
The number of joules of
magnetic field linking with a energy given to each
conductor can induce an
e.m.f. in the conductor
coulomb of charge that
passes through the cell is
the e.m.f. of the cell
e.m…..what?
e.m.f. is an abbreviation for
electromotive force. When
charge flows through a cell
Show understanding that a it is given energy by the cell.
conductor moving across a
magnetic field or a changing
The number of joules of
magnetic field linking with a energy given to each
conductor can induce an
e.m.f. in the conductor
coulomb of charge that
passes through the cell is
the e.m.f. of the cell
Energy given to
charge? Sounds like
e.m…..what? e.m.f. = voltage!
Basically ……..
Show understanding that a
conductor moving across a
magnetic field or a changing
magnetic field linking with a
conductor can induce an
e.m.f. in the conductor
A piece of wire
+
N S
A magnetic field
Movement
=
A small
e.m.f is
generated
V
Basically ……..
Show understanding that a
conductor moving across a
magnetic field or a changing
magnetic field linking with a
conductor can induce an
e.m.f. in the conductor
A piece of wire
+
N S
The production of
A magnetic field
an e.m.f. by Movement
moving a wire in a
magnetic field is
=
known as
electromagnetic A small
induction. e.m.f is
generated
V
Inducing an e.m.f.
The induced e.m.f. (and current) can be increased by: (1) moving the magnet
faster; (2) using a stronger magnet; (3) increasing the turns on the coil.
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating current
e.m.f. but what’s the (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating current
e.m.f. but what’s the (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?
D.C. is direct
current. The
current flows in
only one direction.
Batteries and
solar cells supply
D.C. electricity.
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating current
e.m.f. but what’s the (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?
A.C. is alternating
current. The
current constantly
changes direction.
Mains electricity is
A.C. UK mains is
about 230V, with a
frequency of 50Hz
(hertz).
OK, I understand now “Distinguish between
direct current (d.c.)
about the induced
and alternating current
e.m.f. but what’s the (a.c.)”
difference between
A.C. and D.C.?
http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
http://nurshiyaam.wordpress.com/
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
100
Current (mA)
-100
N S
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
100
Current (mA)
1
1 = maximum forward current
0
-100
N S
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
100
Current (mA)
1
1 = maximum forward current
0
-100
N S
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
100
Current (mA)
1
1 = maximum forward current
0
N S
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
100
Current (mA)
1
1 = maximum forward current
0
N S
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
100
2
-100
N S
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
100
N S
“In electricity generation, a generator is a
device that converts mechanical (kinetic) Supplement
energy into electrical energy for use in an
external circuit.” – wikipedia. AC generators
are also called
To build a generator we alternators.
need two things:
1. A magnetic field
2. A moving wire
100
N S
Transmission of electricity
Transmission of electricity
Power station
Home Home
Transmission lines
Transmission of electricity
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer
(step-up)
Transmission of electricity
400 000 V
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer
(step-up)
Transmission of electricity
400 000 V
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer Transformer
(step-up) sub-station
(step-down)
Transmission of electricity
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer Transformer
(step-up) sub-station
(step-down)
Transmission of electricity
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer Transformer
(step-up) sub-station
(step-down)
132 000 V
Transformer
sub-station
(step-down)
Transmission of electricity
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer Transformer
(step-up) sub-station
(step-down)
Heavy
industry
132 000 V
33 000 V
Transformer
sub-station
(step-down)
Transmission of electricity
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer Transformer
(step-up) sub-station
(step-down)
Light Heavy
industry industry
132 000 V
11 000 V 33 000 V
Transformer Transformer
sub-station sub-station
(step-down) (step-down)
Transmission of electricity
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer Transformer
(step-up) sub-station
(step-down)
Light Heavy
Farms
industry industry
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer Transformer
Power 33 000 V
station
Transformer
(step-up) Power is transmitted through the
Transformer
sub-station
cables at high voltage so that the
(step-down)
Primary input
coil 5 turns
n1
AC Input
Voltage 12V
(Primary) V1
AC Input AC Output
Voltage 12V 24V Voltage
(Primary) V1 (Secondary)
V2
AC Input AC Output
Voltage 12V 24V Voltage
(Primary) V1 (Secondary)
V2
When AC flows through the Provided all field lines pass through both
primary coil, it sets up an coils, and there is no heat loss, the
alternating magnetic field in following equation applies:
the soft iron core and,
therefore, in the secondary Output voltage = turns on output coil
coil. This changing field Input voltage turns on input coil
induces an alternating voltage
in the secondary coil. V2 = n2
V1 n1
A simple transformer
V2 = n2 x V1
n1
n2 = V2 x n1
V1
Eg. A transformer has 20 turns on
V1 = n1 x V2
the primary coil (input) and 10 turns
n2
on the secondary coil (output). If the
n1 = n2 x V1 input voltage is 50 volts, what is the
V2 output voltage?
A simple transformer
V2 = n2 x V1
n1
n2 = V2 x n1
V1
Eg. A transformer has 20 turns on
V1 = n1 x V2
the primary coil (input) and 10 turns
n2
on the secondary coil (output). If the
n1 = n2 x V1 input voltage is 50 volts, what is the
V2 output voltage?
V1 = 50, n1 = 20, n2 = 10
V2 = 10 x 50 = 25 V
20
The voltage has been reduced from 50V to 25V. This is an example of a
STEP-DOWN transformer.
A simple transformer
400V 200V 20 ? ?