Forensic Science

(Criminalistics)
Prepared By: CYKIE CORDERO OPERIANO, RCrim
NOVEMBER 2019 CLE PASSER
 Forensic
Photography
Which of the following best translated into “ to
write with light”?
a. Photography
b. Photograph
c. Forensic Photography
d. Police photography done
e r : a
An sw
CYKIE
PHOTOGRAPHY- from Greek words:
- Phos- light and graphia- to write
- which best translated into “ to write with light”
- art or science deals with the reproduction of
image through action of light upon light
sensitive material, camera, accessories and
chemical processes.

CYKIE
Picture and photograph are not the
same:
Picture - is a generic term refers to
all kinds of formed image
Photograph -is an image that can
only be a product of photography
CYKIE
An art or science of photographically and analysis for
purpose of documenting a crime scene and evidence
for laboratory examination for trial.
a. Photography
b. Photograph
c. Forensic Photography
d. Police photography done
e r : c
Ans w
CYKIE
POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
-An art or science which deals with
the study of the principles of
photography, the preparation of
photographic evidence and its
application to police work.

CYKIE
Basic components of photography,
except
a. Light
b. Equipment
c. Chemicals
er : e
d. All of these
An s w
e. None of the above
CYKIE
1. LIGHT
- It is the most important components of
photography, for all elements rely on it.
- Light could make the camera activity and
chemical processing possible to produce an
image.
2. EQUIPMENT(1700)
- Used of camera which controls the amount of
light necessary to produce an image on the
sensitized material. CYKIE
3. CHEMICALS(1726-177)
-In conventional photography, the
use of chemicals is highly necessary
for the development of the latent
image captured on the film.
Example: Hydroquinone as developer

CYKIE
Considered to be the utmost used of
photography in police work.
a. Personal Identification
b. For Communication
c. For Record Purposes
d. For Preservation
e. For Discovering and Proving
e r : c
Ans w
CYKIE
 USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Personal Identification
- Personal Identification is considered to be the first
application of photography in police work. Alphonse
Bertillion (bertillionage or anthropometry) was the first
police who utilized photography in police work as a
supplementary identification in his Anthropometry system.
2. For Communication
- Photograph is considered to be one of the most universal
methods of communication considering that no other
language can be known universally than photograph
CYKIE
3. For Record Purposes
- Considered to be the utmost used of
photography in police work.
4. For Preservation
- Crime scene and other physical evidence requires
photograph for preservation purposes. Crime
scene cannot be retain as is for a long period of
time but through photograph the initial
condition of the scene of the crime can be
preserved properly. CYKIE
Taking a magnified photograph of small object through
attaching a camera to the ocular of a compound
microscope so as to show a minute details of the
physical evidence.
a. Photomicrography
b. Photomacrogaphy
c. Microphotography
er : a
d. Telephotography
An sw
e. Macrophotography done
CYKIE
Photomicrography
- Taking a magnified photograph of small object
through attaching a camera to the ocular of a
compound microscope so as to show a minute details
of the physical evidence.
Photomacrogaphy
- Taking a magnified (enlarged) photograph of small
object by attaching an extended tube lens (macro
lens) to the camera.

CYKIE
Macrophotography
-used synonymously with
photomacrogaphy.
Telephotography
-Is the process of taking photograph of a
far object with the aid of a long focus
and Telephoto lens.
CYKIE
Is the taking of individual photograph of
the evidence at the scene of the crime.
a. General View
b. Medium or midrange View
c. Close-up View
er : c
d. Extreme Close-up
An sw
CYKIE
Commonly designed in laboratory
photographing using some magnification
such as Photomacrography and
photomicrography.
a. General View
b. Medium or midrange View
er : d
c. Close-up View
An s w
d. Extreme Close-up
CYKIE
 Different Views in photography
1. General View
2. Medium or midrange View
3. Close-up View
4. Extreme Close-up

CYKIE
General View
-20 ft or more
-taking an over-all view or the
façade of the scene of the crime.
-It shows direction and location of
the crime scene.
CYKIE
CYKIE
Medium or midrange View
- 15-20 ft
- Is the taking of the photograph of the scene of
the crime by dividing it into section.
- Shows relationship of physical evidences to the
crime scene
- This view will best view the nature of the crime.

CYKIE
CYKIE
Close-up View= 5 ft
-Is the taking of individual photograph
of the evidence at the scene of the
crime.
-It is design to show the details of the
crime. establishing the corpus
delicti/evidences
CYKIE
CYKIE
Extreme Close-up View
- 2 ft
- Commonly designed in laboratory photographing using
some magnification such as Photomacrography and
photomicrography.

CYKIE
CYKIE
The crime was happened inside the
building. Where is the first photograph
to be taken?
a. Point of entry in the building
b. Point of exit in the building
c. Exterior view of the building
er : c
d. Area from which valuable
were removed A n sw articles

CYKIE
Markings on evidence
photograph must always
include:
a. Measuring scale
b. Complementary colorsr: a
c. Pencil mark n sw e
A
d. Number of exposure CYKIE
In photographing a crime scene,
what view will best feature the
physical evidence existing at the
crime scene?
a. Medium
e r : d
b. Close-up A n sw
c. General
d. Extreme close-up CYKIE
It is a photographic portrait
typically taken after a person is
arrested.
a. Rogues gallery
b. Macrophotography
e r : c
c. Mugshot
A ns w
d. Microphotograph
CYKIE
Rogues gallery - it is a police
collection of pictures or
photographs of criminals and
suspects kept for identification
purposes.
Microphotograph – it is the
reproduction of a very small
photograph.
CYKIE
Macrophotography – known as
photomicrography. Is the
extreme close-up photography
usually of very small object, in
which the size of the subject in
the photograph is greater than
life size.
CYKIE
It is an electromagnetic energy that travels in
a form of a wave with the speed of 186, 281
miles per second or 299,792.5 km per second.
a. Light
b. Camera
c. Lens
er : a
d. Sensitized material
A n sw
e. Chemical Process
CYKIE
It is the distance from the crest to the
wave of the next succeeding crest. It is
measured by angstrom unit or in terms
of milli-microns.
a. Crest
b. Frequency e r : d
c. Through A n sw
d. Wavelength done CYKIE
 ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Light
2. Camera
3. Lens
4. Sensitized material
5. Chemical Process

CYKIE
 ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Light
- is an electromagnetic energy that travels in a form of a
wave with the speed of 186, 281 miles per second or
299,792.5 km per second.
Wavelength
- the distance from the crest to the wave of the next succeeding
crest.
- It is measured by angstrom unit or in terms of milli-microns.
Frequency
- The number of waves passing in a given point one second.
CYKIE
CYKIE
2. Camera
- a light tight box designed to devoid light or block
unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the
sensitized material (film and photo paper).
3. Lens
- is the light gathering mechanism of the camera that
collect the reflected light coming from the object to
form the image.

CYKIE
4. Sensitized material
- composed of a highly sensitized chemical compound which
is capable of being transformed into an image through the
action of light and with some chemical processes. ( Film
and Photo Paper).
5. Chemical Process
- is the process necessary for reducing silver halides into a
metallic silver form so as a latent image or negative and a
positive image be made resulting to what we called
Photograph.

CYKIE
What is the considered primary
purpose or function of camera?
a. To form or capture the image of the
subject
b. To hold the film
e r : d
c. To produce negative An sw
d. To exclude all unwanted light that
might destroy the film done
CYKIE
FOUR ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE CAMERA:
except
a. Light tight box
b. APERTURE/lens
c. Film holder
d. Shutter
er : e
e. Base A n sw
CYKIE
1. LIGHT TIGHT BOX- OR THE CAMERA BODY
- to exclude all unwanted light that might expose the film.
Devoid light
2. LENS
- one responsible for focusing the rays of light coming from
the subject. it is capable of forming the sharp image on to
the film.
a)Diaphragm- a device made of thin overlapping metal leaves
within a lens or camera which can be adjusted to specific
apertures of f-stops to control the amount of light that strikes
the film.
CYKIE
CYKIE
b. APERTURE
- the lens opening, the size of which is regulated by a
diaphragm and expressed as an f-stop or f-number (f-stop
represents the ratio of the focal length of the lens to the
diameter of the lens. Also the number that indicates the size
of a lens opening.

CYKIE
CYKIE
3. FILM HOLDER/Holder of the sensitized material
- located at the opposite side of the lens designed
to hold firmly the sensitized material to prevent
the formation of the multiple or blurred image.
4. SHUTTER
- serves as the barrier of the rays of light that will
enter and affect the film inside the camera. it is
usually placed at the path of the light passing thru
the lens.
CYKIE
2 types of shutter
1. Leaf shutter - placed
between the lens. It opens
from the center.
2. Focal Plane Shutter -
located in front or on the
focal plane. It opens from
the sides. Its actions starts
from one side and closes on
the opposite side with amore
faster shutter speed.
CYKIE
Is that part of the camera which provides the
means of showing to the photographer the
entire scene coverage that can be recorded in
the sensitized material.
a. Viewing System
b. Film Advancer
er : a
c. Shutter speed
A n sw
d. Lens Aperture
e. Focusing CYKIE
CYKIE
Film Advancer (film advance lever or knob)
- designed to transfer the exposed film to the other side or to
the take up spool and the unexposed film will be the
opposite side of the lens for another exposure.

CYKIE
Shutter speed
- is that part of the camera which regulates the
time exposure of the film thus, affecting the
amount of light reaching the sensitized
material.
- It is usually expressed in a fraction of a
second. 1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125
1/250 1/500 etc.
CYKIE
Lens Aperture
- the ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to the
focal length of the lens. It is the light gathering power of the lens.
- Otherwise known as lens opening or relative aperture and it is
expressed in F-number. f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16
The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and the bigger
the lens opening the greater the volume of air that will passed
through the lends and reach the sensitized material.

CYKIE
Focusing
-is that mechanism of a camera designed
to control the degree of sharpness of
the object to be photograph.
-It is usually obtained by estimating the
distance from the camera and that of
the object that will make a sharp or
clear image.
CYKIE
Which of the following technical equipment is
used for night photography?
a. Wide-aperture standard lens for pictures
featuring people
b. Use of zoom lens for light blurs effects
c. Cable release
e r : a
An sw
d. All of these
CYKIE
It is the image-forming device that has a
greater effect on the quality of the image to be
formed. It is also a medium or system which
converge or diverge light rays passing through it
to form an image.
a. Concave lens
e r : d
b. Convex lens
A n sw
c. Positive lens
d. Lens CYKIE
LENS
- It is the image-forming device that actually has a greater effect on the quality
of the image to be formed.
- a medium or system which converge or diverge light rays passing through it to
form an image.
- Can be a glass or transparent material, which permit light to pass through and
change the direction of light.

CYKIE
What lens possesses at least one
surface that curves outwards?
a.Concave lens
b. Convex lens
c. Negative lens er : b
A n sw
d. Diverging lens
CYKIE
 CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. According to the type of image to be
produced:
a.Positive or Convex Lens (Converging Lens)
- Characterized by the fact that it is thicker at
the center and thinner at the side which is
capable of bending the light together and
forms the image inversely. Inverted image.
CYKIE
Convex lens – thicker center and the
sides are thinner.(curved outwards)
Positive lens – inverted image or real
image
Converging lens – bending of light
together
CYKIE
CYKIE
2. Negative or Concave Lens
(diverging Lens)
- Characterized by the fact that
it is thinner at the center and
thicker at the side and forms
the virtual image on the
same side of the lens.
- Spreading out the those light
rays that have been refracted
through it.

CYKIE
Concave lens – thinner center
and thicker at the sides.(curved
inwards)
Negative lens – virtual image
Diverging lens – bending of light
away. CYKIE
It cause light to deviate inward,
bringing the rays of light to a focus,
and is thus called?
a.Concave lens
b. Converging lens
e r : b
c. Negative lens An sw
d. Diverging lens CYKIE
Inability of the lens to focus light passing the
side of the lens producing an image that is
sharp in the center and blurred at the side.
a. Curvature of Field
b. Distortion
c. Chromatic Aberration
e r : d
d. Spherical Aberration
A n s w
e. Coma
CYKIE
Spherical Aberration
- Inability of the lens to focus light passing the side of
the lens producing an image that is sharp in the center
and blurred at the side.
- Spherical Aberration can affect resolution and clarity,
making it hard to obtain sharp images.

CYKIE
Coma
- (Also known as lateral aberration)
- Inability of the lens to focus light that travels
straight or lateral. this results in star images near
the outer edge of the viewing field seeming to
have comet-style tails scattering radially

CYKIE
Curvature of Field/ Petzval field curvature”.
- the relation of the images of the different point
are incorrect with respect to one another.
- The circular “dome-like” image in three
dimensional form is shown to the right of the
illustration.
- Sharper focus on curved surface rather than a flat
surface.
- Different point of plane image lie on curved
surface. CYKIE
CYKIE
Distortion
- Is a defect in shape not in sharpness.
- Different magnification of rays at different angle.
It can either be Pincushion distortion (curving
inward) or Barrel distortion (curving outward).

CYKIE
Chromatic Aberration or color fringing or purple fringing
- Inability of the lens to focus light of varying wavelength
or spectrum.
- is a color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted
color along the edges of objects in a photograph

CYKIE
It is caused by lens dispersion, with
different colors of light travelling at
different speeds while passing
through a lens.
A. curvature of field
B. spherical aberration
C. chromatic aberration e r : c
A n sw
D. coma CYKIE
The distance measured from the optical
center of the lens to the focal plane
when the lens is focused at infinity
position or far distance.
a. Depth of field
b. Focal Length
e r : b
c. Hyperfocal Distance
Answ
d. Both a and b CYKIE
CYKIE
What lens has the focal length that is equal to
the measure between the corners to the center
of the image area?
a. Telephoto
b. Zoom
er : d
c. Wide angle
An sw
d. Normal
CYKIE
Telephoto Lens- A type of a lens that
would make an object to be
exaggeratedly closes to the
photographer and is ideal in stake out
surveillance photography.
Wide angle lens – lens whose focal
length is substantially smaller than the
focal length of a normal lens for a given
fil plane.
CYKIE
Depth of Field- is the range of distance
from the nearest object to the farthest
object that is sharp when the lens is set
or focused at a particular distance.

CYKIE
What is the correct sequence of
sensitivity of three emulsion layers
of color film?
a. Red-blue-green
b. Blue-green-red
er : b
c. Green-blue-red An s w
d. Green-red-blue CYKIE
Additive Colors
Subtractive color
CYKIE
In the additive color mixture process
combining the color blue and green will
produce cyan. What is the complementary
color of blue?
A. yellow B. cyan
C. magenta D. Green
e r :a
An sw
CYKIE
A type of film that is
sensitive to all colors.
A. Infrared film
B. Orthochromatic film
C. Panchromatic film er: c
An sw
D. Blue sensitive film
CYKIE
Blue sensitive film – this film is sensitive to
ultraviolet rays and blue light only.
Orthochromatic film – sensitive to blue and
green light except red.
Panchromatic film – the sensitivity of this
film is for ultraviolet radiation blue, green
and red light or all colors.
Infrared Film – sensitive to ultraviolet
radiation blue, green and red light and
infrared rays. CYKIE
 BLUE

GREEN

RED

INFRARED RAYS

CYKIE
The bouncing back of light when its hits
the surface of the medium.
a. Reflection
b. Absorption
c. Transmission
e r : a
d. Refraction
A n sw
e. Diffraction
CYKIE
 Movement of Light
•Reflection
•Absorption
•Transmission
•Refraction
•Diffraction
CYKIE
Reflection
-The bouncing back of light when its
hits the surface of the medium.
Two types of Reflection:
1. Specular Reflection - light hits a flat,
smooth and shiny surface.
2. Diffused or irregular Reflection - hits a
rough or uneven but glossy object.
CYKIE
CYKIE
Absorption
- when the light hits a dark colored object and
prevents it from either bouncing or passing through.
- taking in of light by the material.

CYKIE
Transmission
- when the light hits a transparent glass which
would allow the light to pass through its
medium.

CYKIE
Refraction
- The bending of light when passing from one medium to another.
- Changing in the direction of light. The change is because of the
Speed of light when passing from One object to another.

CYKIE
Diffraction
- bending of light around an object. The bending of
light when it hits a sharp edge of an opaque
object.

CYKIE
It allows light to pass through but
diffuses the flow of light. 50% of light
and the object on the other side may not
be clearly seen.
a. Transparent
b. Translucent e r : b
c. Opaque A n sw
d. Reflection CYKIE
Kinds of Objects as to how they behave
to light:
•Transparent
•Translucent
•Opaque

CYKIE
1. Transparent
- Allows light to pass through. 90 % of light.
- Allows sufficient visible light to pass that the object on the opposite
side maybe clearly seen.
2. Translucent
- allows light to pass through but diffuses the flow of light. 50% of light.
- Allows light to pass that the object on the other side may not be
clearly seen.
3. Opaque
- allows No light to pass
- So greatly diffuse light but recognizing the object on the other side is
very difficult if not possible.
CYKIE
Object in an open space casts a
transparent or bluish shadow. This is
due to thin clouds that cover the sun.
a. Bright Sunlight
b. Hazy Sunlight
c. Dull Sunlight e r : b
A n sw
d. None of these
CYKIE
 Sources of Light
1. Natural Lights
2. Artificial Lights

CYKIE
Natural Light
- are those light which come to existence
without the intervention of man
- e.i. Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.
Daylight maybe classified according to its
intensity they are:
•Bright Sunlight
•Hazy Sunlight
•Dull Sunlight CYKIE
1. Bright Sunlight
- object in an open space casts a deep and
uniform shadow and the object appears
glossy.
2. Hazy Sunlight
- object in an open space casts a transparent or
bluish shadow. This is due to thin clouds that
cover the sun.
CYKIE
3. Dull Sunlight
- object in an open space cast no shadow due
to thick clouds covering the sun.
Cloudy bright - objects in open space cast no
shadow but objects at far distance are
clearly visible.
Cloudy dull - objects in open space cast no
shadow and visiblity of distant objects is
already limited.
CYKIE
Artificial Light
-otherwise known as man-made light
e.g. fluorescent bulb, incandescent
bulb and photoflood lamp.

CYKIE