Soham

Finite Element Modeling of
Clamped Beams Struck Transversely

by a Mass
Soham Gupta
(07CE3108)
Supervisor: Prof Amit Shaw.
Structural Engineering Section

Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Kharagpur
Introduction
Study of structural failure under impact
loading is of importance for the safety and
hazard assessment of structures. The beams
being relatively critical elements have
attracted more attention of scientists and
engineers. Two basic modes of failure—tensile
tearing and shear failure modes—have been
observed in experiments.
Introduction
• In this project two sets of numerical modeling were
performed for two similar experimental studies where
a clamped beam of varying thickness was impacted
transversely by a striker at mid-span with increasing
velocities.
• In the first study numerical modeling and verification
was performed for the experimental study by Norman
Jones where the accuracy of the theoretical rigid-
plastic analysis, which were developed in the paper
“Dynamic response of a rigid plastic clamped beam
struck by a mass” were tested.
Introduction
Introduction
In the second study Finite element modelling is
carried out to study and verify the results obtained
from the experimental study [‘Failure of aluminium
beams under low velocity impact’ M.N. Mannon, R.
Ansari, H. Abbas] of impact of blunt nose projectile
at varying velocity on clamped aluminium beams of
different thickness. The data included no-failure as
well as failure of beams. Three different types of
failure occurring at increasing velocity of strike have
been observed.
Introduction
LITERATURE REVIEW
The maximum permanent transverse deformation at the impact point
may be estimated from theoretical analysis by Norman Jones et al. Thus,
Wf/l1 = [-1+√{1+2µγ/(1+r)}]/2γ
or Wf/H = 0.5[-1+√(1+8λ(1+r))]. (1)
Where
Wf maximum permanent transverse deformation
l1 length of the beam from the impact point
µ 2GVo2/(BH2σo) for a beam with rectangular cross section
γ l1/H for a beam with rectangular cross section
r l1/l2
λ GVo2l1/(2BH3σo) for a beam with rectangular cross section
LITERATURE REVIEW
• The theoretical analysis gives good agreement
with the experimental results, especially for the
aluminium alloy beams which are essentially
strain rate insensitive at the usual strain rates
encountered in practice as found in “Response of
structures to dynamic loading; Mechanical
properties at High Rates of Strain” by N. Jones et
al.
• However, the strain rate sensitivity of the
material should be considered for steel beams.
LITERATURE REVIEW
• The Cowper-Symonds empirical expression:
σo’ = σo(1+(έ/D)1/p)
may be used for the influence of material strain rate sensitivity,
where strain rate = 45 s-1 D = 40.4 s-1 and p = 5 for mild steel.
• Therefore, the dynamic flow stress for the steel beams is
σo’ = σo(1+1.0218) = 2.0218 σo.
• It is possible that above equation might overestimate the influence
of material strain rate effects because the strain rate is less than
45s-1 during the later stages of a beam response. However, the
experimental results agree surprisingly well with the theoretical
predictions with
σ’0.618 =0.618σo’
or σo = 2.0218*0.618 σo = 1.249 σo
LITERATURE REVIEW
The modes of failure of beams under impact loading observed in the
experiments are of the following three types, viz:
–Type I: Fracture at the point of strike.
–Type II: Fracture at one or both supports.
–Type III: Fracture at the point of strike with bulging and turn around supports
after fracture.
The Type I mode of failure was observed at low velocity, whereas, Type III was
observed at high velocity and the Type II at intermediate velocity. In order to
predict different modes of failure with respect to the velocity of strike of
projectile, three velocity thresholds are introduced:
– tensile fracture velocity Vt.
– shear fracture velocity Vs.
– rupture velocity, Vr.
The tensile fracture velocity, Vt, is the minimum velocity of projectile at which a
beam fails in Type I mode. The shear fracture velocity, Vs, is the minimum
velocity at which a beam fails by shear fracture at supports (i.e. Type II). The
rupture velocity, Vr, is the minimum velocity at which a beam fails by tensile
fracture at the point of strike and it is accompanied by bulging and subsequent
turn around supports. The relationship between the three velocities is:
Vr>Vs>Vt.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The empirical equations developed in [1] for the three velocity
thresholds are :
Vt/Vc = 0.3(H/L) – 0.8(H/L)2

Vs/Vc = 0.35(H/L) – 1.0(H/L)2
Vr/Vc = 0.78(H/L) – 5.0(H/L)2
where Vc is the velocity of sound in aluminium, H is the beam

thickness and 2L is the span of the beam. The above empirical
equations have been derived from the present data of
commercially pure aluminium beams impacted by cylindrical blunt
hardened steel projectile in the velocity range of 11–114 m/s.
OBJECTIVES
• The objective is to numerically model the
experiment.
• To verify the experimental results obtained by
Norman Jones and the equations derived in the
paper “Dynamic response of a rigid plastic
clamped beam struck by a mass”.
• To understand & verify the different types of
failure occurring in a beam upon transverse
impact.
SIMULATION DETAILS
In case of 1st study where maximum deflection was studied:
Since the simulation is performed to numerically verify the experimental
results , the parameters are taken accordingly
• Width of the impact area = 5.08 mm.
• Impact weight = 5 kg.
• Beam width B = 10.16 mm (all cases)
• Span = 101.6 mm (all cases)
• Beam thickness H = 3.81, 5.08, 6.35,7.62 mm.
• Densities: Aluminium alloy = 2700 kg m-3 ; Steel = 7800 kg m-3
• poisson’s ratio : 0.3(steel) and 0.33(aluminium alloy)
• Yield stresses
– aluminium
• 354.5 N/mm2 (H= 3.81 , 5.08 and 6.35 mm);
• 412 N/mm2 (H= 7.62 mm)
– steel
• 337 N/mm2 (H= 3.81 mm and 5.08 mm)
• 302 N/mm2 (H 6.35 mm and 7.62 mm)
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
ABAQUS views
SIMULATION DETAILS
In case of 2nd study where failure types were studied:
Since the simulation is performed to numerically verify the
experimental results , the parameters are taken accordingly
• Width of the impact area = 12.8 mm; Height = 25 mm
• Impact weight = 26.1 gm.
• Span of beam = 165 mm (all cases)
• Beam thickness H = 0.81,1.55,2.05 mm.
• Densities:
Aluminium = 2700 kg m-3 ;Steel projectile = 10106.88 kg m-3
(upscaled to keep the mass ratio same for 2d and 3d
analysis)
• poisson’s ratio : 0.3(steel) and 0.33(aluminium)
• Yield stress for aluminium: 115 MPa
ABAQUS Views: Type 1 Failure
RESULTS
RESULTS
Results and Discussion
• Wf/H is the ratio of maximum deflection to
the thickness of plate which is compared to
Wf/H (calculated) which is the obtained from
equation (1). From the table we can clearly
see that the experimental results are in close
agreement with the simulation results.
• From 2nd set of results we can see that in case
of numerical simulation the failure is occurring
at comparatively lower velocities. This may be
due to difference in the properties of the
actual aluminium alloy used in the experiment
and the damage properties assigned to
aluminium in the simulation. But still the
predicted pattern of threshold velocities is
verified as Vr>Vs>Vt.
• As expected when failure occurs, there should be a
separation between the elements adjacent to the
point of failure. But in the simulation we see failure
as indefinite extension of one element at the
location of failure. The element is supposed to be
deleted but it is not which may be due to incorrect
interaction property definition as while analysis the
software gives warning for incorrect interaction
property definition. This may also be due to incorrect
ductile damage definition.
REFERENCES
• Failure of aluminium beams under low velocity impact.
M.N. Mannon, R. Ansari and H. Abbas. International
Journal of Impact Engineering (2008).
• Experimental investigation of clamped beam struck
transversely by a mass. J. H. Liu and Norman Jones.
International Journal of Impact Engineering 1987.
• Dynamic response of a rigid plastic clamped beam
struck by a mass at any point on the span. J. H. Liu and
Norman Jones. Department of Mechanical
Engineering, The University of Liverpool. 1 June 1987

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Finite Element Modeling of

Clamped Beams Struck Transversely

Structural Engineering Section

Vt/Vc = 0.3(H/L) – 0.8(H/L)2

where Vc is the velocity of sound in aluminium, H is the beam

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