Properties of Matter

MUBAS

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 Learning Objectives
• By the end of this lesson, learners should be able to;
– Describe a physical and chemical property, and list several common physical
and chemical properties of substances.
– Identify four possible clues that show that a chemical change has taken place.
– Differentiate among three states of matter.
– Distinguish between homogeneous and heterogeneous samples of matter.
– Explain the differences between an element and a compound.
– Identify the chemical symbols of elements, and name elements given their
symbols.
– Distinguish between a substance and a mixture.
– Describe ways that components of mixtures can be separated.

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 Matter
• Matter is anything that:
– a) has mass, and
– b) takes up space (volume)
• Mass = a measure of the amount of “stuff” in an object
– Measured using a balance
– Don’t confuse this with weight, a measure of gravity
• Volume = a measure of the space occupied by the object
– Whether it’s a speck of dust or Jupiter, all matter takes up space.
• Density - The mass of a substance divided by its volume
– Density is an important physical property. Density is the mass of a substance per
unit volume.
• Because characteristic properties are usually not affected by physical
changes, they can be used to identify matter. 3
 Properties of Matter
• These are words that describe matter (adjectives)
– Physical Properties- a property that can be observed and
measured without changing the material’s composition.
• Basically properties you notice when using one of your 5 senses. E.g. Feel
- mass, volume, texture, hardness
• Sight - colour
• Hear
• Smell
• Taste
– Chemical Properties- a property that can only be observed by
changing the composition of the material. E.g.
• A common chemical property is reactivity. E.g.
– ability to burn, decompose, ferment, react with, etc.
• Chemical properties aren’t easy to observe.

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 Physical vs. Chemical Change
• Physical change will change the visible appearance, without
changing the composition of the material.
– Boil, melt, cut, bend, split, crack
– Is boiled water still water?
• Can be reversible, or irreversible. E.g.
• 1. Size 2. Shape 3. State - solid  liquid  gas
• 4. Dilutions

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• Chemical change - a change where a new form of matter is formed.
– Iron rust,
– wood burn,
– decompose,
– Ferment
– Spoiled milk
• The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is
called a chemical property.
– Iron plus oxygen forms rust, so the ability to rust is a chemical property of
iron
• During a chemical change (also called chemical reaction), the
composition of matter always changes.

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Examples of Chemical Properties

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 Reaction with acids  Ability to act as reducing
 Reaction with bases agent
(alkalis)  Reaction with other
 Reaction with oxygen elements
(combustion)  Decomposition into
 Ability to act as oxidizing simpler substances
agent  Corrosion

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 5 ways of Knowing the Occurrence of a
Chemical Change
• The only sure way to know there has been a chemical change is the
observance of a new substance formed.
– 1. Odour or gas production-this is an odour far different from what it should
smell like. E.g.
• Rotting eggs, food in fridge, decomposing flesh
– 2. Change in Temperature (Energy is absorbed or released)
• Exothermic-When energy is released during the chemical change. E.g.
wood burning
• Endothermic- Energy is absorbed causing a decrease in temperature of
the reactant material ex: cold pack in first aid kit
– 3. Change in Colour. E.g.
• fruit changing colour when it ripens, leaves changing colour in the
Autumn.

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– 4. Formation of Bubbles
• This can indicate the presence of a gas. Bubbles produced when boiling
water is not a chemical change.

– 5. Formation of a Precipitate
• When two liquids are combined and a solid is produced

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Examples of Physical Properties

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 States of matter
1) Solid- matter that can not flow (definite shape) and has definite
volume.
2) Liquid- definite volume but takes the shape of its container
(flows).
3) Gas- a substance without definite volume or shape and can flow.
– Vapour- a substance that is currently a gas, but normally is a liquid or solid
at room temperature. (Which is correct: “water gas”, or “water vapour”?)
4) Plasma - formed at high temperatures; ionized phase of matter as
found in the sun.
All matter, regardless of state, undergoes physical and chemical
changes. These changes can be microscopic or macroscopic.

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 Particles in Solids, Liquids and Gases

• Solids
– Have definite shape and volume, mass and take up space (volume).
– Particles are packed tightly, have very little energy and vibrate in place
• Liquids
– Take the shape of their container, have definite volume and mass
– Particles loosely packed, have medium energy, flow around each other
• Gases
– Spread out to fill space given , no definite volume and have mass.
– Move freely and have LOTS of energy
• Plasma
– Plasma is a lot like a gas, but the particles are electrically charged.
– Particles are electrically charged and Have EXTREMELY high energy.
– E.g. lightning, used in fluorescent light bulbs and Neon lights.

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• Energy determines the states.
– When energy is added, particles move faster!
– When energy is taken away, particles move slower!

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 Substances: Element or Compound
• Substances are either
– a) elements, or
– b) compounds
• Elements- simplest kind of matter
– Cannot be broken down any simpler and still have
properties of that element!
– Currently, there are 118 elements
– Elements have a 1 or two letter symbol, and compounds
have a formula.
– An element’s first letter always capitalized; if there is a
second letter, it is written lowercase: B, Ba, C, Ca, H, He
– Some names come from Latin or other languages.
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 H 2O NaCl
CO 2
• Compounds are substances that can be broken down only by chemical methods
– Due to a CHEMICAL CHANGE, the resulting compound has new and different
properties.
– When broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the
original compound.
– Made of two/more atoms, chemically combined (not just a physical blend!).
• Molecules: every combination of atoms. E.g.
– Elements can be the same: H2, O2, N2.
– Elements can be different: H2O, C6H12O6.
– A “chemical change” is a change that produces matter with a different
composition than the original matter.

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Examples

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 Mixtures
• Mixtures are a physical blend of at least two substances; have variable
composition. They can be either:
– Heterogeneous –
• the mixture is not uniform in composition (has distinctively visible parts).
• All components of the mixture are visible because they do not mix together.
Particles not distributed evenly. E.g.
– trail mix, vegetable soup, oil and water
– Homogeneous –
• same composition throughout; called “solutions”
• Components cannot be distinguished from each other, appear as one substance
• Particles distributed evenly throughout. E.g.
– air, salt water, 10 karat gold
• Every part keeps it’s own properties.
• Mixtures are also called Impure substances
• A substance is impure if it consists of different kinds of elements
combined together physically (not chemically).
• Most materials we encounter are mixtures
– Air we breathe (mixture of Oxygen, Nitrogen and others), ocean water (water and
salts), etc.
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Compound vs. Mixture

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Pure Substance Mixtures
HOMOGENOUS
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS HETEROGENOUS
MIXTURES MIXTURES

Elements are the Compounds are pure All components of Homogeneous

simplest pure substances that are the mixture are mixtures
substances. made of more than
Examples: one element bound visible because they Components cannot
• O-Oxygen together. do not mix together be distinguished
• H- Hydrogen Examples: Particles not from each other,
• Na- Sodium • H2O and CO2 distributed evenly appear as one
• C- Carbon substance
• Fe- Iron A molecule is formed EX: sand and water Particles distributed
• Pb- Lead when two or more vegetable soup evenly throughout
The smallest particle atoms chemically
of an element that combine. oil and water
has the properties of EX: air, salt water,
that element is an 10 karat gold
atom.
*SOLUTIONS

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 Separation of mixtures
Solid/solid mixtures:
• beans/millet – hand picking/sieving/winowing
• beads/flour – sieving.
• iron/sand – magnetism (magnet attracts iron but
not sand).
• sand/salt – add water to dissolve salt, filter to get
sand then evaporate the salt solution to remove
water and remain with salt.

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 Separation of mixtures
Solid/liquid mixtures
Heterogeneous:
• Sand/water – filtration (using filter paper).
• Colloidal solution e.g clay/water-
centrifugation.
Homogeneous:
• Salt/water – evaporation (crystallization).

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 Separation of mixtures
Liquid/liquid mixtures
Miscible:
• Water/ethanol – distillation or fractional
distillation.
• Water/ethanol/hexanol – fractional distillation
Immiscible :
• Water/paraffin – separating funnel
SOLVENT EXTRACTION?
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 Separation of mixtures
Other separations
• Chromatography: ion exchange, size exclusion,
polarity/adsorption.
• Membrane filtration
• Reverse osmosis

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 Separation of Mixture
1. Sedimentation: occurs 3. Filtration: separates parts of a
naturally when solid substances heterogeneous mixture by pouring it
that are heavier than their through a filter, the larger particles
solvent deposit at the bottom of (residue) will be held in the filter
the mixture. while the smaller ones (filtrate) will
EX: Water treatment pass through.
EX: Brita
2. Decantation: a heterogeneous
4. Distillation: used to separate
mixture that has distinct layers
components of a homogeneous
can be separated by slowly mixture based on their different
pouring one of the layers into boiling points. Solution is heated
another container. and substance with lower boiling
EX: Separating cream from milk points evaporates and passes
through a tube where it cools and
turns back to water in another
container.
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Classification of Matter Summaries

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