Types of

Distance
Protection
Group 7
Kim Borromeo
Mark Kenchi Imperial
Gerald Ranada Lacoste
Christian Jay Obis
Mark John Serillano
Jomar Valera

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EE ELECTIVE 2
SUBTOPICS
1. Distance Relays
2. Impedance Relays
3. Reactance Relay
4. Mho Relay or Admittance Relays
5. Classification of Distance Relays
6. Frequency Relay

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Distance relay
• A Distance relay is a type of
protection relay most often used
for transmission line protection.
Distance relays measure the
impedance from the installation
side to the fault location and
operates in response to changes
in the ratio of measured current
and voltage
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 Distance relay
• One challenging situation for distance
protection relays is when the power system is
exposed to significant power swings. Power
swings are oscillations in active and reactive
power flows on a transmission line which can
consequentially induce large disturbances,
such as faults. The oscillation in the apparent
power and bus voltages are observed by the
relay as an impedance swing on the R-X
plane. If the impedance trajectory enters the
relay zone and stays there for a sufficient
period of time, then the relay will issue a trip
command. The higher the impedance of the
source, the larger the circle in the R-X plane,
allowing for a higher resistance tolerance

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 How Does Distance Relay
Work?
• The working of distance relay is explained in two conditions such as
normal condition and faulty condition.
• Normal Condition: It is said to be an operating condition because the
line voltage or restoring torque is higher than the current or deflecting
torque.
• Faulty Condition: In this condition, there is a chance of occurrence of
a fault on the transmission line when the magnitude of the current rises
than the voltage (less). That means the current on the line is inversely
proportional to the impedance of the relay. Hence the relay starts
working in this condition because the impedance on the line decreases
and less than the predetermined impedance value.

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What is the purpose
of Distance Relay?
• Distance relays are generally used
for phase-fault primary and back-up
protection on sub transmission
lines, and on transmission lines
where high-speed automatic
reclosing is not necessary to
maintain stability and where the
short time delay for end-zone faults
can be tolerated.

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 Impedance Relays
• Definition: The relay whose working depends on the
distance between the impedance of the faulty section
and the position on which relay installed is known as
the impedance relay or distance relay. It is a voltage
controlled equipment.
• The relay measures the impedance of the faulty point,
if the impedance is less than the impedance of the
relay setting, it gives the tripping command to the
circuit breaker for closing their contacts. The
impedance relay continuously monitors the line
current and voltage flows through the CT and PT
respectively. If the ratio of voltage and current is less
than the relay starts operating then the relay starts
operating.

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 Principle of Operation of Impedance Relay:
In the normal operating condition, the
value of the line voltage is more than
the current. But when the fault occurs
on the line the magnitude of the current
rises and the voltage becomes less. The
line current is inversely proportional to
the impedance of the transmission line.
Thus, the impedance decreases because
of which the impedance relay starts
operating.

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Reactance relay
• The reactance relay is a high-speed relay.
This relay consists of two elements an
overcurrent element and a current-voltage
directional element. The current element
developed positive torque and a current-
voltage developed directional element which
opposes the current element depending on
the phase angle between current and
voltage.

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 Working Principle of Reactance Relay
• In other words, a reactance relay is an
overcurrent relay with directional restraint. The
directional element is arranged to develop
maximum negative torque when its current lags
its voltage by 90°. The induction-cup or double-
induction-loop structures are best suited for
actuating high-speed relays of this type.

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 What is Mho Relay?
• Mho relay is referred to as voltage-controlled directional relay or
admittance relay or high-speed relay. The operating torque can be
determined by the V-I (voltage-ampere) element and the voltage
element develops the controlling element. These types of relays are
used to detect phase faults for long transmission lines, and at the
point where there is an occurrence of synchronizing power surges.
The mho relay is more sensitive and reliable because it is a
combined unit of both distance measurement and direction. Thus,
mho relays are used in practice to provide improved accuracy
whenever these transients occur.

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 Principle of Mho Relay
• The working principle of
the Mho relay depends on
the impedance and the
directional element. If the
impedance measurement
is less than the final point
impedance, then it is
considered as a fault that
exists on the line between
the relay and the final
point.
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 Applications
• The applications of the Mho relay are listed below.
• It is used in the protection of UHV/EHV transmission lines
• It is used to protect long transmission lines because of its power swings.
• It is used to protect series compensated and uncompensated transmission lines
to determine the location of the faults.
• It is used to determine impedance with a directional element based on the type
of fault.

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 Classification of Distance Relay
• There are two types of distance relays in use for the protection of power supply, namely ; Definite-Distance relay
which operates instantaneously for fault up to a pre-determined distance from the relay. Time-Distance relay in
which the time of operation is proportional to the distance of fault from the relay point.
• Classification of Distance Relays:
• Distance relays used for the protection of power circuits may be divided into two groups.
• (i) Definite distance relays and
• (ii) Time-distance relays.
• Definite distance, relays operate instantaneously when the impedance (reactance or admittance) falls below a
specified value. These relays may be of impedance, reactance or mho type.
• Time-distance relays, have the time of operation dependent upon the value of impedance (reactance or admittance),
upon the distance of the fault from the relay point. A fault nearer to the relay will operate it earlier than a fault
farther away from the relay. These relays may be of impedance, reactance or mho type

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FREQUENCY RELAY
• Is used for the protection of power generators and other AC
equipment against over frequency and under frequency
• The frequency of the induced e.m.f is related to the speed of the
synchronous generator is maintained constant by constant speed.
• In generator protection applications the relay protects the generator
and the prime mover against hazardous over speeding and/or under
speeding.
• -In case of over speeding due to loss of load etc. the frequency varies
from normal values.
• Frequency relay are either electromagnetic or static.
•  It has two pair of coils, constituting Ferraris measuring system.
• Frequency is denoted by ‘f’ and measured in Hz or in cycle per
second.

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ThankYou!!