DIGITAL

MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
PREPARED BY:-
SHRIYA GAUTAM
W18DEL1731
http://www.free-powerpoint-templates-design.com
OBJECT
Study the generation and detection
methods of the following digital
modulation techniques : ASK, PSK,
FSK and QPSK.
 TOPICS COVERED
INTRODUCTION 1 6 FSK

ADVANTAGE OF DM OVER AM 2 7 QPSK

3 8 ADVANTAGES
TYPES OF DIGITAL MODULATION
9 LIMITATIONS

10 APPLICATION
ASK 4
CONCLUSION
PSK 5 11
INTRODUCTION
The term DM stands for digital
modulation, and it is a common term for
the techniques of modulation.

Digital modulation is the process of transferring

digital low frequency baseband signal like digital
stream from computer over a high frequency
carrier signal.

With digital modulation technique, the modulation

process corresponds to switching or keying the
amplitude, frequency or phase of the carrier between
either of two possible values corresponding to binary ‘0’
or ‘1’.
 DM OVER AM
(DIGITAL MODULATION) (ANALOG MODULATION)

1 1

A DM signal can only An AM signal can signify

signify with a set of discrete any value in a range.
values.
2

In digital modulation (DM), the input

WHERE 2

In analog modulation (AM), the input

must be the data in the form of digital
3 AS must be in the form of analog
3

The AM can generate a signal to carry the

The DM generates a signal whose rate frequently changing data.
changes at particular time intervals.
4
4
In AM, it is not easy to disconnect the
In DM, the signal can simply signal from noise.
disconnect from noise.
 CONTI
NUED

The main advantages of the digital

modulation over analog modulation
include available bandwidth , high
noise immunity and permissible
power. In digital modulation, a
message signal is converted from
analog to digital message, and then
modulated by using a carrier wave.
TYPES OF DIGITAL MODULATION
TECHNIQUES
ASK –Amplitude Shift
Keying
The amplitude of the resultant PSK – Phase Shift
output depends upon the input Keying
data whether it should be a
zero level or a variation of
positive and negative,
The phase of the output
depending upon the carrier signal gets shifted
frequency. depending upon the
input.
1 3
2 4

FSK – Frequency Shift

Keying Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is
The frequency of the output a form of Phase Shift Keying in which two
signal will be either high or bits are modulated at once, selecting one
low, depending upon the input of four possible carrier phase shifts (0, 90,
data applied. 180, or 270 degrees).
 Amplitude Shift Keying ASK
Binary ‘1’ is Binary ‘0’ is
represented by represented by
transmitting a either switching
ASK is a type of sinusoidal carrier off the carrier or
wave of fixed transmitting the
Amplitude Any  The binary signal
when ASK amplitude A, fixed same carrier of
Modulation
modulated modulated, gives frequency ‘fc’ and frequency ‘fc’ but
which a zero value fixed duration Tb with different
represents the signal has a for Low input while second. amplitude ‘A2’.
binary data in high it gives the carrier
the form of frequency output for High in
05
put.
variations in the carrier.  04
amplitude of a
03
signal.
02

01
The binary ASK may be expressed as:-
 ASK Modulator
• The ASK modulator block diagram comprises of the carrier signal
generator, the binary sequence from the message signal and the band-
limited filter. Following is the block diagram of the ASK Modulator.

C E R T I F I C AT E
 ASK Modulator(continued)
The carrier generator, sends a continuous high-frequency carrier.
The binary sequence from the message signal makes the unipolar
input to be either High or Low. 

The high signal closes the switch, allowing a carrier

wave. Hence, the output will be the carrier signal at
high input.

When there is low input, the switch opens, allowing

no voltage to appear. Hence, the output will be low.
C E R T I F I C AT E

The band-limiting filter, shapes the pulse

depending upon the amplitude and phase
characteristics of the band-limiting filter or the
pulse-shaping filter.
 Synchronous ASK Demodulator
• The clock frequency at the transmitter when matches with the clock
frequency at the receiver, it is known as a Synchronous method , as
the frequency gets synchronized. 

Synchronous ASK detector consists of a Square law detector, low

pass filter, a comparator, and a voltage limiter. Following is the block
diagram for the same:-

C E R T I F I C AT E
Synchronous ASK Demodulator (continued)

• The ASK modulated input signal is given to the Square

law detector.

• A square law detector is one whose output voltage is

proportional to the square of the amplitude modulated
input voltage.

• The low pass filter minimizes the higher frequencies.

C E R T I F I C AT E
• The comparator and the voltage limiter help to get a
clean digital output.
 AMPLITUDE SHIFTING KEYING
(ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES,APPLICATIONS)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES APPLICATIONS

It offers high bandwidth ASK technique is not suitable Digital data through an optical
efficiency. for high bit rate data fiber is transmitted using ASK
transmission. technique.

It has simple receiver design. Poor bandwidth efficiency. The technique was widely used
in traditional telephone
modems.

ASK modulation can be used to Highly susceptible to noise and Wireless base stations and
transmit digital data over optical other external factors. Tire pressuring monitoring
fiber. systems

ASK modulation and ASK Home automation devices

demodulation processes are
comparatively inexpensive.
Frequency Shift Keying FSK
FSK is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the carrier
signal varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of
frequency modulation.
The output of a FSK modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High
input and is low in frequency for a binary Low input. The binary 1s and 0s are
called Mark and Space frequencies.
The following image is the diagrammatic representation of FSK modulated
waveform along with its input:-
 FSK Modulator (continued)
The FSK modulator block diagram comprises of two oscillators
with a clock and the input binary sequence. Following is its
block diagram:-
 FSK Modulator
•The two oscillators, producing a higher and a
lower frequency signals, are connected to a
switch along with an internal clock.

• To avoid the abrupt phase discontinuities of

the output waveform during the transmission
of the message, a clock is applied to both the
oscillators, internally.

• The binary input sequence is applied to the

transmitter so as to choose the frequencies
according to the binary input.
 Synchronous FSK Detector
•The block diagram of Synchronous FSK detector consists of two
mixers with local oscillator circuits, two band pass filters and a
decision circuit.
Following is the diagrammatic representation:-
 Synchronous FSK Detector (continued)

•The FSK signal input is given to the two

mixers with local oscillator circuits.

• These two are connected to two band pass

filters.

• These combinations act as demodulators and

the decision circuit chooses which output is
more likely and selects it from any one of the
detectors.

• The two signals have a minimum frequency

separation.
 FREQUENCY SHIFTING KEYING
(ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES,APPLICATIONS)

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE APPLICATION

It has lower probability of error  It uses larger bandwidth compare to Commonly used for caller ID and
other modulation techniques such as remote metering applications.
ASK and PSK. Hence it is not
bandwidth efficient.

It provides high SNR (Signal to Noise The bit error rate is less in AEGN channel It is used in wireless media.
Ratio). than phase shift keying.

It has higher immunity to noise due to It is also used in telephone lines.

constant envelope. 
Useful in high-frequency radio Due to the requirement of large
transmissions bandwidth, this FSK has limitations to
Preferable in high-frequency use only in low-speed modems which
communications the bit rate is 1200bits/sec.
 Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
•PSK is the digital modulation technique in which the phase
of the carrier signal is changed by varying the sine and cosine
inputs at a particular time.

• PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs, bio-metric,

contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth
communications.

PSK is of two types, depending upon the phases the signal

gets shifted. They are :

1. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

2. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

Binary Phase Shift
Keying(BPSK)
This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying.

In this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two phase

reversals such as 0° and 180°.

BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed

Carrier (DSBSC) modulation scheme, for message being the
digital information.
 BPSK Modulator
The block diagram of Binary Phase Shift Keying consists of the balance
modulator which has the carrier sine wave as one input and the binary sequence
as the other input. Following is the diagrammatic representation:-
 BPSK Modulator(continued)
The modulation of BPSK is done using a balance modulator, which multiplies the
two signals applied at the input. For a zero binary input, the phase will be 0° and
for a high input, the phase reversal is of 180°.
Following is the diagrammatic representation of BPSK Modulated
output wave along with its given input:-

The output sine

wave of the
modulator will be
the direct input
carrier or the
inverted 180°phase
Shifted 180°phase
shifted input
carrier, which is a
function of the
data signal.
BPSK Wave when carrier is Sine wave BPSK Wave when carrier is Cosine wave
 BPSK Demodulator
The block diagram of BPSK demodulator consists of a mixer with local oscillator circuit,
a bandpass filter, a two-input detector circuit. The diagram is as follows:-

•By recovering the band-limited message signal, with the

help of the mixer circuit and the band pass filter, the first
stage of demodulation gets completed. The base band
signal which is band limited is obtained and this signal is
used to regenerate the binary message bit stream.

•In the next stage of demodulation, the bit clock rate is

needed at the detector circuit to produce the original
binary message signal. If the bit rate is a sub-multiple of
the carrier frequency, then the bit clock regeneration is
simplified. To make the circuit easily understandable, a
decision-making circuit may also be inserted at the
2nd stage of detection.
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying  (QPSK)
QPSK is a form of modulation scheme in which two bits are
modulated at once, selecting one of the four possible carrier phase
shift.
It is a particularly interesting one because it actually transmits two
bits per symbol. In other words, a QPSK symbol doesn’t represent 0 or
1—it represents 00, 01, 10, or 11.

QPSK allows the signal to carry twice as much information as

ordinary PSK using the same bandwidth.

In QPSK as with BPSK information carried by transmitted signal is

contained in the phase of the carrier wave.

In particular, the phase of the carrier takes one of the

four equally spaced value such as 𝜋 /4, 3𝜋 /4, 5𝜋 /4,
7𝜋/4 .
 QPSK Modulator
The QPSK Modulator uses a bit-splitter, two multipliers with local oscillator, a 2-bit serial to parallel converter
and a summer circuit. Following is the block diagram for the same:-

𝟎𝟎→−𝑽𝑽 MODULATED OUTPUT WAVEFORM

𝟏𝟏→+𝑽𝑽

Cos(𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)

90o phase shifter

01110010

sin (𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒄𝒕)
QPSK Modulator(continued)
•Fig. shows a block diagram of QPSK transmitter. The incoming binary
data sequence is first tranformed into polar form by NRZ level
encoder.

•The symbol ‘1’and ‘0 are represented by ‘+V’ and ‘-V’ respectively.

•At the modulator’s input, the message signal’s even bits (i.e., 2nd bit,
4th bit, 6th bit, etc.) and odd bits (i.e., 1st bit, 3rd bit, 5th bit, etc.) are
separated by the bits splitter and are multiplied with the same carrier
to generate odd BPSK (called as PSKi) and even BPSK (called as
PSKq). The PSKQ signal is anyhow phase shifted by 90° before being
modulated.

•Finally the two PSK signals are added to produce the desired QPSK
signal.
 QPSK Demodulator
The QPSK Demodulator uses two product demodulator circuits with local
oscillator, two band pass filters, two integrator circuits, and a 2-bit parallel to
serial converter. Following is the diagram for the same:-
The two product detectors at the input of demodulator simultaneously
demodulate the two BPSK signals. The pair of bits are recovered here from the
original data. These signals after processing, are passed to the parallel to serial
converter.
 PHASE SHIFTING KEYING
(ADVANTAGES,DISADVANTAGES,APPLICATIONS)

ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE APPLICATIONS

This type of PSK allows information to The bandwidth efficiency of this PSK This method is broadly used for bio-
be carried with a radio is less compared with ASK type of metric, wireless LAN along with 
communications signal more modulation wireless communications like
efficiently compare with FSK. Bluetooth and RFID.

QPSK is another kind of data By estimating the phase states of the Local Oscillator
transmits wherever 4 phase states are signal, the binary information can be Optical Communications
utilized, all in 90 degrees of one decoded. Algorithms like recovery and
another. detection are extremely difficult.

It is less vulnerable to faults when we High-level PSK modulations like Multi-channel WDM
evaluate with ASK modulation & QPSK is more sensitive to phase Delay & add demodulator
occupies similar bandwidth like ASK. differences.

It is a non-coherent reference signal Nonlinear effects for WDM

transmission
 CONCLUSION
(DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ASK,FSK,PSK)

PARAMETER ASK FSK PSK

Variable characteristics Amplitude Frequency Phase
Bandwidth Is proportional to signal rate B=(1+d)×S+2Δf B=(1+d)×S
(B =(1+d)S),d is due to
modulation & filtering ,lies
between 0 & 1.
Noise immunity low High High
Complexity Simple Moderately complex Very complex
Error probability High Low Low
Performance in presence of Poor Better than ASK Better than FSK
noise
Bit rate Suitable upto 100 bits/sec Suitable upto about 1200 Suitable for high bit rates
bits/sec
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION