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    Cells & Cell Organelles: Doing Life's Work

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    Cells contain specialized structures called organelles that perform essential functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains DNA; mitochondria, which produce energy; and the cell membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. Other important organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuoles, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton, each of which has a specialized role in energy production, protein transport, waste removal, photosynthesis, storage, or structural support of the cell. Together the coordinated functions of these organelles allow cells to obtain energy, synthesize proteins, dispose of waste, and replicate.

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    Cells & Cell Organelles: Doing Life's Work

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    Cells contain specialized structures called organelles that perform essential functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains DNA; mitochondria, which produce energy; and the cell membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. Other important organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuoles, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton, each of which has a specialized role in energy production, protein transport, waste removal, photosynthesis, storage, or structural support of the cell. Together the coordinated functions of these organelles allow cells to obtain energy, synthesize proteins, dispose of waste, and replicate.

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    Cells contain specialized structures called organelles that perform essential functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains DNA; mitochondria, which produce energy; and the cell membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. Other important organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuoles, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton, each of which has a specialized role in energy production, protein transport, waste removal, photosynthesis, storage, or structural support of the cell. Together the coordinated functions of these organelles allow cells to obtain energy, synthesize proteins, dispose of waste, and replicate.

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    12 views36 pages

    Cells & Cell Organelles: Doing Life's Work

    Uploaded by

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    Cells contain specialized structures called organelles that perform essential functions. The main organelles include the nucleus, which contains DNA; mitochondria, which produce energy; and the cell membrane, which controls what enters and leaves the cell. Other important organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, vacuoles, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton, each of which has a specialized role in energy production, protein transport, waste removal, photosynthesis, storage, or structural support of the cell. Together the coordinated functions of these organelles allow cells to obtain energy, synthesize proteins, dispose of waste, and replicate.

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    of 36

    Cells & Cell Organelles

    Doing Life’s Work


    Examples of Cells
    Amoeba Proteus

    Plant Stem

    Bacteria

    Red Blood Cell

    Nerve Cell
    Structure of Eukaryote and Prokaryote cells
    “Typical” Animal Cell
    “Typical” Plant Cell
    The Jobs of Cells
    • Cells have 3 main jobs
    – make energy
    ATP • need energy for all activities
    • need to clean up waste produced
    Our organelles
    while making energy do all these
    – make proteins jobs!

    • proteins do all the work in a cell,


    so we need lots of them
    – make more cells
    • for growth
    • to replace damaged or diseased cells
    1. Cells need power!
    • Making energy
    – to fuel daily life & growth, the cell must…
    • take in food & digest it
    ATP
    • take in oxygen (O2)
    • make ATP
    • remove waste
    – organelles that do this work…
    • cell membrane (controls what enters or leaves cell,
    recognizes signals from other cells etc)
    • lysosomes
    • vacuoles & vesicles
    • mitochondria
    2. Cells need workers = proteins!
    • Making proteins
    – to run daily life & growth, the cell must…
    • read genes (DNA)
    • build proteins
    – structural proteins (muscle fibers, hair, skin, claws)
    – enzymes (speed up chemical reactions)
    – signals (hormones) & receptors
    – organelles that do this work…
    • nucleus
    • ribosomes
    • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    • Golgi apparatus
    3. Cells need to make more cells!
    • Making more cells
    – to replace, repair & grow,
    the cell must…
    • copy their DNA
    • make extra organelles
    • divide the new DNA & new
    organelles between 2 new
    “daughter” cells
    – organelles that do this work…
    • nucleus
    • centrioles
    Cell Organelles
    • Organelle= “little organ”
    • Organelles do the work of
    cells

    • Found only inside


    eukaryotic cells
    • All the stuff in between
    the organelles is cytosol

    • Everything in a cell except


    the nucleus is cytoplasm
    Cell Membrane
    • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement
    in and out of the cell
    • Made of a phospholipid bilayer
    Cell Wall
    • Most commonly found
    in plant cells &
    bacteria
    • Rigid, protective
    barrier
    • Located outside of the
    cell membrane
    • Made of cellulose
    (fiber)
    • Supports & protects
    cells
    Inside the Cell
    Nucleus
    • Control center of the
    cell & directs cell
    activities
    • Contains genetic
    material – DNA
    • Surrounded by a
    double membrane
    • Usually the easiest
    organelle to see under
    a microscope
    • Usually one per cell
    04/20/23
    04/20/23
    Nuclear Membrane
    • Surrounds nucleus
    • Made of two layers
    • Openings allow
    material to enter and
    leave nucleus
    Chromosomes
    • In nucleus
    • Made of DNA
    • Contain instructions
    for traits &
    characteristics
    Nucleolus
    • Inside nucleus
    • Contains RNA to build
    proteins
    Cytoplasm
    • jelly-like material holding organelles in
    place
    • Surrounded by cell membrane
    • Contains hereditary material
    Cytoskeleton
    • Acts as skeleton and
    muscle
    • Provides shape and
    structure
    • Helps move
    organelles around the
    cell
    • Made of three types
    of filaments
    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    • A.k.a. “ER”
    • Connected to nuclear
    membrane
    • Highway of the cell
    • Moves materials around
    in cell
    • Rough ER: studded with
    ribosomes; it makes
    proteins
    • Smooth ER: no
    ribosomes; it makes
    lipids
    Ribosome
    • Site of protein
    synthesis
    • Found attached to
    rough ER or floating
    free in cytosol
    • Produced in a part of
    the nucleus called the
    nucleolus
    That looks familiar…what is a
    polypeptide?
    Golgi Apparatus
    • Looks like a stack of plates
    • Protein 'packaging plant‘
    • Stores, modifies and
    packages proteins
    • Molecules transported to
    and from the Golgi by
    means of vesicles
    • Move materials within the
    cell
    • Move materials out of the
    cell
    Golgi Apparatus
    • The name comes from Italian anatomist Camillo Golgi, who identified it in 1898
    • The Golgi structure is a smooth, curvy structure. It is a flattened stack of
    membranes. It has a front end and a back end. The front end is called the cis face
    and the back end is called the trans face. Golgi apparatus has cisternae are the
    flattened membrane folds and secretory vesicles which are what the cell
    discharges.

    04/20/23
                                                                   

    04/20/23
    Lysosome
    • Garbage disposal of the
    cell
    • Contain digestive
    enzymes that break
    down wastes
    • Transports undigested
    material to cell
    membrane for removal
    • Cell breaks down if
    lysosome explodes
    04/20/23
    Lysosomal Acid Hydrolases
    • Lysosomal storage diseases are a family of diseases
    characterized by the accumulation of undegraded
    material in the lysosomes of affected individuals.
    • Most lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases, which
    are active at the acidic pH that is maintained within
    lysosomes but not at the neutral pH characteristic of
    the rest of the cytoplasm.

    Lysosomes are interlinked with three intracellular


    processes namely phagocytosis, endocytosis and
    autophagy.
    04/20/23
    Mitochondria
    • “Powerhouse of the cell”
    • Bound by a double membrane
    • Cellular respiration occurs here to
    release energy for the cell to use
    • Produces energy through
    chemical reactions – breaking
    down fats & carbohydrates
    • Controls level of water and other
    materials in cell
    • Recycles and decomposes
    proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
    • Has its own strand of DNA
    Chloroplast
    • Usually found in plant
    cells
    • Bound by a double
    membrane
    • Contains green
    chlorophyll
    • Where photosynthesis
    takes place
    • Site of food (glucose)
    production
    Vacuoles
    • Membrane-bound
    sacs for storage for
    water, food, enzymes,
    wastes, pigments, etc,
    and for digestion, &
    waste removal
    • Contains water
    solution
    • Help plants maintain
    shape
    • Large central vacuole usually in plant cells
    • Many smaller vacuoles in animal cells
    Centriole
    • Aids in cell division
    • Usually found only in
    animal cells
    • Made of microtubules
    Review of Eukaryotic Cells

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