Nervous System: NURS 3100 Patho/Pharm 2

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NERVOUS SYSTEM

An Overview of Structure and Function

NURS 3100 Patho/Pharm 2


Outline
 Cells of Nervous System

 The Nerve Impulse


 In the neuron
 Between Neurons
 Neurotransmitters
 Up and Down the Pathway

 The Central Nervous System

 The Peripheral Nervous System


The Nervous System
 Serves 3 main functions
 Senses environmental changes both inside and outside
of the body (Sensory Function)
 Interprets the changes (Integrative Function)
 Responds to the interpretation by stimulating other
parts of the body (Motor Function)
 The neuron is the workhorse of the nervous system
and makes all of this possible.
Neuron

Dendrite

Cell body aka


Soma

Axon with
terminals
Myelin
 An insulating material  Benefits
found in the CNS  Speeds the conduction
 Creates a sheath of impulses
around the axon  Decreases reaction
times to stimuli
 Not present on all
axons
Damaged Myelin
Transmission of Action Potential Within the Neuron

 Before the Action Potential


 Resting potential: -70
 Action Potential
 Stimulus Sodium Channels Open Depolarization
to threshold potential  action potential fires
 After the Action Potential
 Repolarization through closure of Na channels and
opening of K channels
Action Potential Within the Neuron
Direction of Action Potential
Synapse
 The junction between
2 neurons
 Components of
Synapse
 Presynaptic Neuron
 Synaptic Cleft
 Postsynaptic Neuron
Transmission Between Neurons

Presynaptic neuron

To synaptic cleft

To postsynpatic
neuron.
Major Neurotransmitters
 Acetylcholine
 Usually excitatory
 Controls activity in brain areas connected with attention, learning, and memory; Involved with muscle
action.
 Low levels a/w Alzheimer’s
 Serotonin
 Inhibitory
 Effects mood, anxiety, sleep and inhibits pain pathways
 Dopamine
 Inhibits
 Effects arousal, behavior, and is needed for physical motivation
 High levels a/w schizophrenia and Low levels a/w Parkinson’s
 Norepinephrine
 Excitatory
 Effects arousal, mood, wakefulness, learning, and memory
 Gamma-amniobutyric acid (GABA)
 Inhibitory
 Slows down impulses
 A/w sleep and eating disorders
From Stimulus to Action
Organization of the Nervous System
Intracranial Regulation (ICR)
 Mechanisms & conditions
that impact intracranial
processing and function
 The ability of the cranial
contents (brain, blood,
cerebral spinal fluid) to
maintain normal
intracranial pressure
 Range from normal to
impaired
 Dysfunction can range from
minimal to severe
Monro-Kellie Doctrine
 Cranial vault (cavity)
is a rigid sphere
 Filled to capacity
with non-
compressible
contents
 Increase volume of
one of the three
constituents will lead
to a rise in ICP.
 Compensation for
alterations is limited
Components of CNS
Cranial Contents
Brain
Spinal Cord
Cranial Contents
 Skull

 Blood-brain barrier

 Meninges

 Brain

 Cerebral spinal fluid


Meninges of the Brain
 Dura mater or “hard mother”
 Two layers with venous sinuses
between them
 Rigid membranes that support &
separate brain structures
 Subdural space
 Bridging veins
 Arachnoid
 Subarachnoid space
 Contains CSF
 Pia mater or “tender mother”
 Adheres to contours of the brain
The Brain
The Brain: Cerebrum
 Cerebral hemispheres are divided into pairs of lobes
 Frontal
 Parietal
 Temporal
 Occipital
 Also within the cerebrum are the basal ganglia,
thalamus, and hypothalamus
 Important to note that CN I and II originate in the
cerebrum
Lobes
 Frontal Function
 Concentration, abstract thought, judgment, memory,
and motor function
 Broca’s area in left hemisphere
 Used for motor control of speech
 Parietal Function:
 Visual attention, touch perception, monitors sensation,
face recognition, voluntary movements, manipulation
of objects, face recognition
Lobes
 Temporal Function:
 Receives auditory stimuli, controls how things are
ordered, memory
 Wernicke’s Area:
 comprehension of speech
 Occipital Function
 Visual reception and interpretation, and memory
Structures in Cerebrum
 Basal Ganglia
 Function: Control fine motor movements, initiation and
direction of voluntary movement, balance, regulates
automatic movement
 Thalamus
 Function: relay station for sensations (not smell)
 Includes: pain, temperature, touch, hearing, memory, and other
sensations.
 Hypothalamus
 Function: regulates pituitary gland, hunger center, blood
pressure, sexual behavior, emotional responses, and
autonomic nervous system regulation
Brain Stem
 Midbrain
 Connects pons and cerebellum with cerebrum where it acts as a relay
station for auditory and visual information.
 Cranial Nerves III and IV originate here
 Pons
 Connects the halves of the cerebellum
 Helps regulate respiration, level of consciousness, and sleep wake cycle
(contains reticular formation)
 Cranial Nerves V-VIII originate here
 Medulla
 helps regulate digestion, heart and blood vessel function, and breathing
 Acts as relay point for information from the brain to the spinal cord
 Cranial Nerves IX-XII originate here
Brain Stem

.
Cerebellum
 Function:
 Integrates sensory
information to smooth
and coordinate
movements; Fine
motor, balance, and
proprioception
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
 Nerves that come out of the brain
 Pass through the base of the skull
 Innervate the head, neck, and special sense
structures.
Cranial Nerves
Remember this face?
Spinal Nerves
 31 pairs of spinal nerves
 Each spinal nerve has a ventral root and dorsal root
 Dorsal = sensory AKA Ascending tract
 transmit information from dermatomes
 Ventral = motor AKA Descending Tract
 transmit impulses from spinal cord to body
Dermatomes
Autonomic Nervous System
 Responsible for hemostasis
 Achieved through regulation of the internal organs,
blood vessels, and glands
 2 Divisions
 Sympathetic Nervous System
 Fight or Flight
 Parasympathetic Nervous System
 Rest and Digest
Basic Comparison
References
 Smeltzer, S. C., Bare, B. G., Hinkle, J. L., & Cheever, K. H. (2010). Brunner and suddarth's
textbook of medical-surgical nursing. (12 ed., Vol. 1). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

 Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2008). Understanding Pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Louis,
Missouri: Mosby.

 Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L., & Brashers, V. L. (2017). Understanding Pathophysiology


(7th ed.). Elsevier.

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