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    Neurologic Function: Anatomic and Physiologic Review

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    Jeanette Sampang
    The document summarizes the main divisions and functions of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It then discusses the peripheral nervous system including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system. Finally, it provides details on the cells, neurotransmitters, and other components that make up the nervous system and allow it to function.

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    Neurologic Function: Anatomic and Physiologic Review

    Uploaded by

    Jeanette Sampang
    18 views28 pages
    The document summarizes the main divisions and functions of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It then discusses the peripheral nervous system including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system. Finally, it provides details on the cells, neurotransmitters, and other components that make up the nervous system and allow it to function.

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    Neurologic Function

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    The document summarizes the main divisions and functions of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It then discusses the peripheral nervous system including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system. Finally, it provides details on the cells, neurotransmitters, and other components that make up the nervous system and allow it to function.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views28 pages

    Neurologic Function: Anatomic and Physiologic Review

    Uploaded by

    Jeanette Sampang
    The document summarizes the main divisions and functions of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system including the brain and spinal cord. It then discusses the peripheral nervous system including cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system. Finally, it provides details on the cells, neurotransmitters, and other components that make up the nervous system and allow it to function.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 28

    NEUROLOGIC FUNCTION

    Anatomic and Physiologic Review


    Nervous System

    Brain and Cranial nerves;


    Spinal Central Peripheral Spinal Nerves; and
    Cord Nervous Nervous System Autonomic Nervous
    System (CNS) (PNS) System

    Sensory or Motor or
    afferent efferent

    Somatic motor Autonomic

    sympathetic parasympathetic enteric


    D I V I S I O N S O F T H E N E RV O U S S Y S T E M
     CNS- integrates the information that it receives from, and
    coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies

     PNS- connects the CNS to limbs and organs

     Sensory or afferent- conducts action potential from sensory


    receptors to CNS
     Sensory neurons- transmits action potentials from periphery
    to the CNS

     Motor or efferent-conducts action potentials from CNS to


    effector organs
     Motor neurons- transmits action potentials from CNS
    towards periphery
    D I V I S I O N S O F T H E N E RV O U S S Y S T E M

     Motor nervous system- transmits action potentials of CNS to


    skeletal muscles

     Autonomic Nervous System- transmits action potentials from


    CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

     Sympathetic- mobilize the body's resources under stress; fight-


    or-flight response.

     Parasympathetic- responsible for stimulation of activities that


    occur when the body is at rest; rest-and-digest.
    CE L LS OF T HE NE RVOU S SYST EM

     Neurons- basic functional unit


    of the brain

     Dendrites- branch-type
    structures for receiving
    electrochemical messages.

     Axon- a long projection that


    carries electrical impulses away
    from the cell body.

     Myelinated sheath- increases


    speed of conduction
    CE LL S OF T HE NE RVOU S SYST EM
     Ganglia or nuclei- nerve cell bodies occurring in clusters

     Center- a cluster of cell bodies with the same function

     Neuroglial cells- serve to support, protect, and nourish


    neurons.
    NEUROTRANSMITTERS

     Communicates messages from one neuron to another, or from


    one neuron to a specific target tissue

     Manufactured and stored in synaptic vesicles.

     Potentiates , terminates and modulates a specific action, and it


    can either excite or inhibit activity of target cell
    CNS: BRAIN

     TheBrain
    2% of total body
    weight, approximately
    1400g for young adult
    and 1200 in elderly
    person.
    major areas: cerebrum,
    brain stem, cerebellum,
    and diencephalon.
    CNS: BRAIN

     CEREBELLUM
    Means little brain

    Cerebellar penduncles- attached to the brainstem by


    several large connections.
    These connections provides routes of

    communication between cerebellum and other


    parts of the CNS.
    CNS: BRAIN
     Diencephalon
     Thalamus
     Influences mood and registers an unlocalized, uncomfortable

    perception of pain.
     act as a relay between a variety of subcortical areas and

    the cerebral cortex

     Epithalamus
     Involved in emotional and visceral response to odors and pineal
    body.
     Pineal body: an endocrine gland that may influence puberty

     Hypothalamus
     Plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis.
     Control of body temp, hunger and thirst
    CNS: BRAIN

     CEREBRUM
    Largest part of the brain

    Longitudinal fissure- divides cerebrum into right


    and left hemisphere

    Gyri-numerous folds found on the surface of


    hemisphere

    Sulci-intervening grooves
    CNS: BRAIN

     Frontal lobes- control of voluntary motor functions,


    motivations, aggression, mood, and olfactory(smell)
    reception.

     Parietal
    lobes- principle center for the reception and
    conscious perception of the most sensory
    information, (touch, temperature, balance and taste)

     Central sulcus- separates the frontal and parietal lobe


    CNS: BRAIN

     Occipitallobe- functions in the reception and


    perception of visual input and is not distinctly
    separate from the other lobes

     Temporal lobe- involved in olfactory and auditory


    hearing sensations and plays an important role in
    memory.

     Lateral
    fissure- separates most of the temporal lobe
    from the rest of the cerebrum
    CNS: BRAIN
     Brainstem- connects spinal cord to the remainder of the brain.
     Medulla Oblongata-regulation of heart rate and blood vessel
    diameter
     Pyramids-transmits action potentials from brain to motor

    neurons of spinal cord; is involved in conscious control of


    skeletal muscle.

     Pons- (bridge)
     relays information from between the cerebrum and

    cerebellum
     functions such as breathing , swallowing and balance are

    controlled in the lower pons


     Chewing and swallowing
    CNS: BRAIN

     Midbrain-
     Coordination of eye movement, control of pupil
    diameter and lens shape.
     Colliculi-mounds found on the dorsal part

     Two inferior: relay centers for auditory nerve

    pathways in the CNS pathway


     Two superior: visual reflexes

     Substantia nigra- black nuclear mass involved in the

    regulation of general body movements.


    CNS: BRAIN

     Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid


     Meninges- protects the brain and spinal cord

     Dura mater: most thickest and superficial


     surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is

    responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid.

     Arachnoid: interposed between the two other meninges


     separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space.

     attached to the inside of the dura, surrounds the brain

    and spinal cord but does not line the brain down into
    its sulci
    CNS: BRAIN

     Pia mater: the delicate innermost layer 


     envelops the entire surface of the brain

     supplies blood to the superficial areas of the cortex and

    supports larger blood vessels passing over the surface


    of the brain
     Astrocytes- anchors pia mater to the brain
    CNS: BRAIN
    Cerebrospinal Fluid-

    a clear bodily fluid that occupies the


    subarachnoid space and the ventricular
    system around and inside the brain and spinal
    cord

    acts as a "cushion" or buffer for the cortex,


    providing a basic mechanical and immunological
    protection to the brain inside the skull.
    CNS: SPINAL CORD
     The Spinal Cord
     Extends from the foramen
    magnum at the base of the
    skull to the 2nd lumbar vertebra.

     Cauda equina: the inferior end


    of the spinal cord and the
    spinal nerves exiting there w/c
    resembles a horse’s tail.

     functionsprimarily in the
    transmission of neural signals
    between the brain and the rest
    of the body.
    CNS: SPINAL CORD
     contains neuralcircuits that can independently control
    numerous reflexes and central pattern generators

     The spinal cord has three major functions:


     Serve as a conduit for motor information, which

    travels down the spinal cord.


     Serve as a conduit for sensory information, which

    travels up the spinal cord.


     Serve as a center for coordinating certain reflexes
    PNS: CRANIAL NERVES
    No Name Gen. Function Specific Function

    I Olfactory S Smell
    II Optic S Vision
    III Occulomotor M,P Eye movement, pupil constriction, lens
    accommodation

    IV Trochlear M Eye movement


    V Trigeminal S,M Sensory to face and teeth ; mastication

    VI Abducent M Eye movement


    VII Facial S,M,P Taste; facial expression; and salivary &
    tear glands
    VIII Vestibulocochlear S Hearing and balance
    IX Glossopharyngeal S,M,P Taste and touch(back of tongue);
    swallowing; salivary glands
    X Vagus S,M,P Pharynx, larynx and viscera
    XI Accessory M Two neck and upper back muscle
    XII Hypoglossal M Tongue muscles
    PNS: SPINAL NERVES
    PNS: SPINAL NERVES
     Dorsal roots: sensory
     Transmits sensory impulses from specific areas of body called
    “dermatomes” to the dorsal horn ganglia.

     Somatic: from tendons, joints and body surfaces

     Visceral: from the internal organs

     Ventral: motor
     Transmits impulses from the spinal cord to the body

     Somatic and visceral

     Visceral: includes autonomic fibers that control cardiac muscle


    AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

     Regulates the activities


    of internal organs

     Maintains and restores


    the internal
    homeostasis

     Two main divisions:


    Sympathetic
    Parasympathetic
    (fight-or-flight)
    AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
    Structure/ Activity Parasympathetic Effects Sympathetic Effects

    Pupil of Eye Constricts Dilate

    Heart rate and force Decreases Increases

    BP Decreases Increases

    Bronchioles Constricts Dilates

    RR Decreased Increased

    Peristaltic movement Increased Decreased

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