BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

I. INTRODUCTION A. Classification of Relays B. Philosophy of Protection C. Operating Principles 1. Electromechanical Relays 2. Static and Digital Relays DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PROTECTION

II.

A. Transformer Protection B. Bus Protection

III. LINE PROTECTION A. Distance Protection B. Ground Protection IV. Breaker Failure Protection V. Auto Reclosing

BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

I. INTRODUCTION
Relays are compact analog, digital, and numerical devices that are connected throughout the power system to detect intolerable or unwanted conditions within an assigned area. They are, in effect, a form of active insurance designed to maintain a high degree of service continuity and limit equipment damage. They are Silent Sentinels.

BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

A. CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
1. Protective Relays
2. Monitoring Relays 3. Reclosing Relays 4. Regulating Relays 5. Auxillary Relays 6. Synchronizing Relays

BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

A. CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
1. PROTECTIVE RELAYS Detect defective lines, defective apparatus, or other dangerous or intolerable conditions. These relays generally trip one or more circuit breakers, but may also be used to sound an alarm 2. VERIFICATION OR MONITORING RELAYS One whose functions is to verify power system conditions with respect to prescribed limits and to initiate or permit automatic functions other than opening a circuit breaker during fault conditions. These relays includes fault detectors, alarm units, channel-monitoring relays, synchronism verification, and network phasing.
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

A. CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
3. RECLOSING RELAYS Establish reclosing sequence for a circuit breaker following tripping by protective relays.

4.

REGULATING RELAYS Are activated when an operating parameter deviates from predetermined limits. Regulating relays function through

supplementary equipment to restore the quantity to the prescribed limits. Ex: OFR, UFR

BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

A. CLASSIFICATION OF RELAYS
5. AUXILLARY RELAYS Operates in response to the opening or closing of the operating circuit to supplement or assist another relay or device. These include timers, contacts-multiplier relays,

sealing units, isolating relays, lockout relays, closing relays and trip relays.
6. SYNCHRONIZING RELAYS Assure that proper conditions exist for interconnecting two sections of a power system. Ex: Synchrocheck relay
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION
Branch of electric power engineering concerned with the principles of design and operation of equipment (called relays or protective relays) which detect abnormal power system conditions, and initiate corrective action as quickly as possible in order to return the power system to its normal state.

BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION
A CRUDE ANALOGY

Relays are the Brains of the Fault Clearance System

Breakers are the Muscles

BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

WHAT PROTECTIVE RELAYS DO
Continuously monitor the power system Respond to abnormal conditions Prevents equipment damage Minimizes service interruption

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

HI-SPEED CLEARING OF FAULTS
MINIMIZES DAMAGE MINIMIZES EFFECT ON SYSTEM OPERATION MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

PURPOSES OF PROTECTIVE RELAY
To prevent of limit damage to apparatus and all other components of a transmission and distribution system.

To isolate the affected part from the remainder of the power system.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

THREE MEMBERS OF PROTECTION
SENSOR - Feeds system information to the relay Ex: CT, PT Ex: OCR, Distance/Differential/Voltage relays RELAY makes a decision as to the need for action SWITCHING OR CONTROLLING DEVICE physically isolates or control the problem

Ex: Circuit Breaker

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION Fault Clearance System

CIRCUIT BREAKER Current transformer Trip Coil Circuit Breaker Mechanism

PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
Voltage transformer

TELECOM

DC-system
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION Functional Diagram of Relaying

Decides whether system quantities are normal or abnormal
Power System Voltage and Current Transformer Circuit Breaker

Relay

These devices change electrical quantities to level relay can use, i.e. 5A, 115V

*If quantities are normal, no signal sent. *If quantities are abnormal signal is sent to breaker to open.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION

Electrical Diagram of Relaying

Circuit Breaker Current Transformer
Protected Device

Power System Conductor

Trip Coil

Relay Operating Coil Station Battery

Relay Contacts

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)
B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION DESIGN CRITERIA

Reliability
Security
Relays must never misinterpret normal currents and voltages as conditions which require tripping

Dependability
Relays must detect designated abnormal system conditions on the power system

Economy
The cost of the relay system should be as low as possible

Speed
Relay systems should operate as quickly as possible in order to minimize the duration of system disturbances

Selectivity
Relay systems should only trip as much of the system as necessary to de-energize distressed components

It is not possible to build a system which will never fail.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION
Reliability of Protection System

Example :
R3 R1 x R2 R5

B3 B1 F B4 B2
R4

B5

1. Loss of Dependability

relay R1 does not operate on this fault

2. Loss of Security

relay R5 operates through breaker B5 for the same fault before breaker B2 clears the fault
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF RELAY OPERATION
Correct and Desired Correct but undesired Incorrect Tripping Failure to trip

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

CAUSES OF INCORRECT RELAY OPERATION
Poor application Incorrect setting Personnel error Equipment malfunction

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)
B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION

ZONES OF PROTECTION

usually associated with major system components usually delimited by circuit breakers must overlap to prevent any system component from being unprotected

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)
B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION ZONES OF PROTECTIONS
G Generator Protection

Low Voltage Switchgear Protection

Power Transformer Protection

High Voltage Switchgear Protection

Transmission Line Protection

High Voltage Switchgear Protection

Motor Protection

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

INFO NECESSARY FOR RELAY APPLICATION
System Configuration Existing system protection and difficulties Degree of protection required Existing preferences, operating procedures and practices Possible future expansion Fault study Maximum load and current transformer ratios Potential transformer locations, connections and ratios

Impedance of the lines and transformers

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

MAJOR COMMANDMENTS FOR AN IDEAL RELAY
1. Thou shall trip all faults within thy zone of protection irrespective of changes in generation. 2. Thou shall trip these faults at high speed, yea, thou shall make thy tripping decisions in terms of a second split into a hundred parts. 3. Thou shall not trip faults outside thy zone of protection except in back-up assistance to a failing brother.

4. Thou shall not trip under heavy load conditions even

though thy coils do carry much current. 5. Thou shall not trip during power swings, denying always

the temping surges of current and voltage.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION Principle of Overlapping Protection around a Circuit Breaker

CT for Zone B

ZONE A

ZONE B

CT for Zone A

Dead Tank Breaker and Breakers With Separate Current Transformers on Both Sides of Breakers
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION Principle of Overlapping Protection around a Circuit Breaker

ZONE A ZONE B

CT for Zone A

CT for Zone B

Live Tank Breaker and Breakers With Separate Current Transformers on One Side Only
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION

PRIMARY PROTECTION

A set of protective functions assigned to a zone Optimum speed and sensitivity Main protective function for the zone

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION BACKUP PROTECTION

A second set of protective functions assigned to a zone Anticipates failure of primary function May sacrifice speed or sensitivity for economy

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)
B. PHILOSOPHY OF PROTECTION

Remote Backup:
Primary relays for zone which also provide backup protection for an adjacent zone.

Local Backup: Use of additional relays on a zone to provide backup

protection separate considerations for relay and breaker failure.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

C. Relay Operating Principles 1. Plunger 2. Hinged Armature 3. Induction Disk Electromagnetic Attraction Electromagnetic Attraction Induction

4. Induction Cup
5. Static Relay

Induction

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

C. Relay Operating Principles DEFINITIONS Operation Pickup Relay output changes state. Relay operating quantities of sufficient magnitude to cause operation. Relay restored to quiescent (at rest) state. Relay operating quantities reduced to below magnitude required to cause operation.

Reset Dropout

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

C. Relay Operating Principles DEFINITIONS

Relay Contact Sense:

Normally open "a"

Normally close "b"

Defined as the state of the contact with the relay de-energized.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

C. Relay Operating Principles

Type of Relays
SOLENOID COIL

FIXED CONTACT

MOVING CONTACT

ARMATURE

Fig. 1 PLUNGER CONSTRUCTION

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

C. Relay Operating Principles Type of Relays

MOVING ARMATURE CONTACT FIXED

HINGE

CONTACT
ELECTROMAGNET

POINT

Fig. 2 HINGED ARMATURE CONSTRUCTION

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

C. Relay Operating Principles Type of Relays

FIXED CONTACT COIL SHAFT MAGNET

MOVING

CONTACT
DISK

SHADING RING

Fig. 3 SHADED POLE INDUCTION DISK

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(I. INTRODUCTION)

C. Relay Operating Principles Type of Relays

MAGNET

UPPER COIL

DISK

LOWER COILS

Fig. 4 WATTMETER INDUCTION DISK

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

II. The Differential Concept
Reliability Economy Security Speed Selectivity Desensitize for security

Most relays system achieve objectives thru:

Slowdown for security & selectivity

Increase sensitivity for reliability and other compromises

Differential Protection Profoundly simple Inherently secure Highly reliable Fast Reasonably economical
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

87

Identify a PROTECTIVE ZONE Line Transformer Generator Motor Bus Provide CTs at all terminals of the zone Interconnect the CTs appropriately Install a relay to measure the error current
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

87

For an EXTERNAL fault or through load: CTs see identical primary current Produce similar secondary currents Secondary currents circulate in CT secondary No current flows through relay

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

87

For an INTERNAL fault:

CTs see different primary current Produce different secondary currents Secondary currents OPPOSE in CT secondary Current in relay is the sum of secondary currents

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

I1

I2

87 i1

i1-i2 i2

Requirements:

CT at each power connection to the connected zone All CTs have same rating Careful attention to CT connection Note that differential protection provides only PRIMARY protection cannot provide backup protection for adjacent zones. Operating quantity is i1-i2 Provides protection on a per phase basis requires three sets of equipment for three phase protection Prefer identical (similar) current transformer
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

A. Transformer Protection Gas Detection and Analysis Rate of Change of Pressure Current Differential

Overcurrent
Overexcitation

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

A. Transformer Protection

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

A. Transformer Protection

Type 900 Fault Pressure Relay

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

A. Transformer Protection
Differential Considerations Inrush Current
When the transformer is first energized, there is a magnetizing current inrush which will appear only on the source side.

Op R R

Typical Fault Current

20

20

Typical Inrush Current

Inrush current is rich in harmonics, specially low order events. Harmonic restraint provides relay security. Environmental Harmonics. CT performance.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

B. Bus Protection

A very important part of the power system at various point along the bus, transmission line and or other circuits are connected through circuit breakers.

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

B. Bus Protection
SIMPLE CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION
300A 1 300A 2 300A 3

300A 4

300A 5

3A OP. COIL

3A 3A 3A 3A
ZERO AMPS

300A 6

3A DIFF RELAY ALL C.T. RATIOS 100/1

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

B. Bus Protection
FAULT OUTSIDE THE PROTECTED BUS
3000A 1 3000A 2 3000A 3

15000A

3000A 4 18000A

3000A 5

30A OP. COIL

30A 150A 30A 30A

ZERO AMPS

3000A 6

30A DIFF RELAY ALL C.T. RATIOS 100/1

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(II. THE DIFFERENTIAL CONCEPT)

B. Bus Protection FAULT INSIDE PROTECTED BUS

FAULT INSIDE THE PROTECTED BUS
3000A 1 3000A 2 3000A 3 18000A

3000A 4

3000A 5

30A OP. COIL

30A 30A 30A 30A

180A

3000A 6

30A DIFF RELAY ALL C.T. RATIOS 100/1

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

III. LINE PROTECTION
Distance Relays
I
Z1 Z2 Z3

Er

Fault

Zload

Normal Conditions: I= V V

With Fault: I= Er = V and I Zr = V Z1 + Z2 Z2 Z1 + Z2 -1 = Z2

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Z1 + Z2 + Z3 + Zload
Er = and Z2 + Z3 + Zload

Z1 + Z2 + Z3 + Zload -1 Zr = I = Z2 + Z3 + Zload Er

Er

BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(III. LINE PROTECTION)

Distance Relays
X

+ load with lagging pf

R - load with leading pf

The R-X Diagram the language of relay engineering

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(III. LINE PROTECTION)

Distance Relays Transmission Line Applications

(First Zone)

21

21

Provide fault detection for middle section of the line with no intentional delay for speed

Must under reach end of the line for selectivity (typically set 80-90% of line impedance)

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(III. LINE PROTECTION)

Distance Relays Transmission Line Applications (Second Zone)

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21

Provide fault detection in the end zones Must over reach the end of the line for selectivity (typically set 120% of line impedance) Ideally will not over reach first zone in adjacent line segments But must be selective with first zone of adjacent lines
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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

IV. BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION
Local Backup Source of Failure: Backup Remote Backup X X X X Breaker Failure

Relay Failure Communication Channel Failure Instrument Transformer Failure Battery Failure Breaker Mechanism Failure Breaker Electrical Failure Wiring Failure, Relay Breaker

X X

X X X

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(IV. BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION)

Local Backup

Primary/Secondary

Main B

Main A

Redundant Relaying Systems

Fully functional both high speed Complementary technology Different manufacturers Separate current transformers Separate breaker trip coils Separate station batteries

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(IV. BREAKER FAILURE PROTECTION)

Local Backup Breaker Failure

Rs Main B

FD
Rp

Main A

Fault Detector: Must detect any fault which the primary/secondary relays can detect Usually an instantaneous overcurrent relay

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

V. Automatic Reclosing
Causes of Most Transmission Line Faults: Lightning induced flashover Insulator contamination Trees or brush growing into the line Animals and birds Most (80-90%) of Transmission Line Faults are nonpersistent if the fault is de-energized promptly

After the Ionized Air in the Vicinity of the Fault Dissipates the line can be re-energized

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BASIC PROTECTIVE RELAYING

(V. AUTOMATIC RECLOSING)

Single Pole Trip and Reclose: Trip and reclose only the faulted phase Applied most often on EHV lines Greater assurance of successful reclose Maintain power transfer and synchronism through two healthy phases Require more complex relaying (phase discrimination) Require more expensive breakers Deionization time is considerably longer
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