Ways of Expressing Concentrations of Solution

Ways of Expressing
Concentrations of Solution
Do you agree that in our everyday lives we
encounter solutions all the time?
Examples:
 Adding salt to the water when cooking
 A bottle of vinegar is a solution of acetic
acid
 Bleach is a solution of sodium
hypochlorite
Concentration
Measures the relative
proportions of solute
and solvent in a
solution.
How is the percentage concentration of
solutions expressed?
Percentage concentrations:
Percentage by mass
Percentage by volume
Percentage by mass-volume
Percentage by mass:
To find percentage by mass (Pm), we divide the mass
of the solute by the total mass of solution, then
multiply by 100.
The mass of the solution equals the mass of the solute

plus the mass of the solvent.
Sample Problem 1
Find the concentration of a
solution made by dissolving 30
g of alcohol in enough water to
make a 100 g solution.
Solution:
Step 1: Measure 30 g of alcohol using a platform balance.
Step 2: Add enough water to make 100 g of solution.
Step 3: You now have a 30% by weight solution.
Sample Problem 2
What is the concentration of a solution made by
dissolving 158 grams of salt in 555 grams of water?
Solution:
Practice Exercise:
What mass of a 4.00% NaOH solution by mass contains
15.0 g of NaOH?
Solution:
4% = 0 .0 4
10 0 %
0 .0 4 = 15g
X
0 .0 4 X = 15 g
0 .0 4 0 .0 4
X = 357 g
Percentage by volume:
To find percentage by volume, Pv, we divide
the volume of solute by the total volume of the
solution, then multiply by 100.
Sample Problem 3
Suppose we mixed 50.0 mL of alcohol with enough water to make
400 ml of solution. Find the percentage by volume of the solution?
Solution:
Sample Problem 4
What is the concentration of an alcohol solution that was prepared
by dissolving 40 cm3 ethanol in 160 cm3 water?
Solution:
Percentage by mass-volume:
 To find the percentage by weight-volume, we
divide the mass of the solute in grams by the
volume of solution in millilitres.
Sample Problem 5
Find the percent by mass-volume of a solution that is made by
mixing 2.0 grams iodine in enough carbon tetrachloride to make 80 mL
of solution.
Solution:
Other ways:
 Parts per million
 Parts per billion
Parts per million
 This unit is frequently used to describe the composition of natural
bodies of water or the quality of air.
 One part per million is equivalent to 1 mg of solute per liter of
solution.
 One part per billion is 1 μg of solute per liter of solution.
Sample Problem 6
Infant formula is often prepared from evaporated milk. In
1972, it was reported that canned evaporated milk contained
up to 3.2 ppm of lead. How many grams of lead are present
in 8 oz (470 mL) of evaporated milk at this concentration?
Solution:
- This question asks: 470 ml milk =? Grams of lead.
- The two conversion factors given by the unit of
concentration are:
Solution:
Using the conversion factor on the left. 470
ml. of milk contains…
Why is knowing the concentration
of a solution necessary?
The concentration of a solution helps us
determine the collision speed between particles in
a molecule or compound.
This will, in turn, determine the rate of a
particular reaction and the conditions in which
equilibrium can be maintained for the reaction.
The concentration of the solution also helps us to

determine the solute and solvent quantity.
Could you think of other reasons why the
concentration of a solution is necessary?
Here are the standard methods to
Express Concentration of Solution :
Molarity
Molality
Normality
Mole Fraction
Molarity
- When working with solutions, we need to
know how much solute is present.
- The molarity of a solution is the number of

moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity
(abbreviated M) is equal to
Sample Problem 1
What is the molarity of each of the following solutions?
a. 3.6g of HCI in enough water to make 500 ml of

solution
b. 160 g of NaOH in enough water to make 6.0 L of
solution
Solution:
a. We first calculate the number of moles in 3.6 g of HCl;
this is an application of our lesson on mole relationships
in the previous grading.
Find first the formula mass of HCl
H-1 x1 = 1
Cl-1 x 35= 35 then, 1+ 35 = 36 g/mol
(we are now ready to convert it into grams)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝑛=
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
=(3.6 g)/(36 g/mol) = 0.10 mol
3.6 g of HCI = 0.10 mol

500 ml of solution = 0.500 L
= 0.20 M
b. We have 6.0 L of solution and we first
calculate that
160 g of NaOH = 4.0 mol (the molar mass of

NaOH is 40 g/mol)
Sample Problem 2
Suppose you have a supply of 3.0 M NaOH solution in your laboratory.
You take 200 mL of this solution and evaporate this to dryness. How
many grams of solid do you end up with?
Solution:
You must first find the number of moles of NaOH in 200 mL (0.200 L)
of a 3.0 M solution and then change it to a number of grams.
Practice Problem
If 149.1 g of KCl is dissolved in water to make a 500
ml solution, what is the molarity of the solution?
Solution:
M = moles solute
L solution
= 149.1 g X mol
74.6 g
= 1.20 mol
0.500 L
= 2.4 mol/L
Molality
Molality is another common unit in chemistry for
expressing the concentration of a solution.
Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved
in I kilogram of solvent.
Molality (m) = moles of solute

kilogram of solvent
Sample Problem 1
Suppose that 0.25 mole of sugar is dissolved in 1.0 x 103 g of
water. What is the molal concentration of this solution?
Solution:
Sample Problem 2
An acid solution contains 20 kg of water and pure
hydrochloric acid (HCl). Its concentration is 0.75 mol/kg of
solvent. Compute for the number of moles of solute
contained in a solution.
Given: molality (m) = 0.75 mol/kg, kg of solvent = 20 kg
Unknown: moles of solute/ HCl
Solution:
Practice Exercise
A solution contains 68.4 g of sucrose dissolved in
250 g of water. What is the molality of the solution?
Solution:
What is the difference between Molarity and Molality?
When to use Molality and when to use Molarity?
Molality is used any time you expect the solute may
interact with the solute and in the following situations:
- To determine a boiling point
- To determine a melting point
- When working with colligative properties (boiling
point elevation, freezing point depression)
Molarity is used for dilute aqueous solutions held at a

constant temperature. In general, the difference between
molarity and molality for aqueous solutions near room
temperature is minimal, and it won't matter whether you
use a molar or molal concentration.
Normality
• Another important concentration concept is
normality.
• The definition of normality is similar to the
definition of molarity.
• It is most often applied to solutions of acids and
bases.
• The normality of a solution is the number of
equivalents of solute per liter of solution.
Sample Problem 1
What is the normality of a solution prepared by dissolving 196 g of
H2SO4 in enough water to make 800 ml of solution? What is the
molarity of the solution?
Solution:
1. We first convert the grams of H2SO4 to equivalents and then use the
normality formula. H2SO4 has…
Therefore,
? equivalent of H2SO4 =
2.
3. To find the molarity of this solution, we first
convert grams of H2SO4 to moles and then find the
number of moles per liter.
Sample Problem 2
How many grams of Ca(OH)2 are there in 50 mL of a
3.0 N solution?
Solution:
1. Solve the normality formula for the number of the equivalent
of solid Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 50 ml of a 3.0 N solution, then
change the number of equivalents of Ca(OH)2 to grams.
so, equivalents (N) X (liter)

equivalents of Ca(OH)2 = (3.0 N) X (0.050 L)
= 0.15 equivalent of Ca(OH)2

2.
Therefore,
= 5.6 g of Ca(OH)2
Practice Problem
If 49 g of H2SO4 is dissolved in water to make a
2.0 L solution, find its normality.
Solution:
Mole Fraction
• Another measure of concentration involves mole
fractions, X.
• The mole fraction is the number of moles of one
component divided by the total number of moles in
solution.
• The component can either be solute or solvent.
To find the mole fraction of the solute, we use
the following equation:
The equation to find the mole fraction of the

solvent is:
Mole fraction has no units because moles appear in the

numerator and the denominator and thus cancel. The sum
of the mole fractions for the solute and solvent must add
up to 1.
Xsolute + Xsolvent = 1
Sample Problem 1
A gas mixture contains 50.4 g of dinitrogen monoxide
(N2O) and 65.2 g of oxygen gas. What is the mole
fraction of dinitrogen monoxide?
Solution:
Find the mole fraction of N2O.

Sample Problem 2
What is the mole fraction of NaCl and H2O in a solution
prepared by mixing 232 g NaCl and 180 g water?
Solution:
Practice Problem
Find the mole fraction in a 20% sucrose
(C12H22O11)solution.
Solution:
What is needed when
dealing with expressing the
concentrations of solutions?
ACCURACY
PRECISION
Accuracy builds
credibility.
Jihm Rohn
What is the best
thing/effort that you
can do to achieve
your “true value”?

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Ways of Expressing

The mass of the solution equals the mass of the solute

The concentration of the solution also helps us to

- The molarity of a solution is the number of

a. 3.6g of HCI in enough water to make 500 ml of

3.6 g of HCI = 0.10 mol

160 g of NaOH = 4.0 mol (the molar mass of

Molality (m) = moles of solute

Molarity is used for dilute aqueous solutions held at a

so, equivalents (N) X (liter)

= 0.15 equivalent of Ca(OH)2

The equation to find the mole fraction of the

Mole fraction has no units because moles appear in the

Find the mole fraction of N2O.

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