Bab 2 (NDT)

WELDING INSPECTION AND TESTING
DMB 2332
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT)

DEFINATION AND PURPOSE OF NDT
 NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) Welding is a method of testing and

inspecting welds without causing any damage or alteration to the
material being tested. This type of testing is important for ensuring
the quality and reliability of welded joints, which are critical
components in many industrial applications.
 NDT welding techniques are used to detect any defects or

inconsistencies in the welded joint. These can include cracks,
porosity, inclusions, lack of fusion, and other imperfections that
could compromise the strength and integrity of the weld
Comparison between NDT and DT
 NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) and DT (Destructive Testing) are two different methods for
testing and inspecting materials, such as metals, composites, and plastics.
 The main difference between these two methods is that DT involves damaging or destroying a
sample of the material being tested, while NDT does not cause any damage
 DT is typically used to determine the mechanical properties of a material, such as tensile
strength, yield strength, and elongation. This method involves subjecting a sample of the
material to a specific load or stress until it fails, and then measuring the resulting deformation or
fracture.
 The advantage of DT is that it provides precise and accurate data on the material's strength
and performance, but it has the drawback of destroying the sample, which can be expensive
and time-consuming to replace
 NDT, on the other hand, is a non-invasive method of testing that can be
used to inspect the material without causing any damage or alteration.
This method involves using various techniques, such as ultrasonic
testing, radiographic testing, magnetic particle testing, and liquid
penetrant testing, to detect any defects or inconsistencies in the
material.
 The advantage of NDT is that it allows for the inspection of a large
volume of material without causing any damage, and it can be done
quickly and efficiently
 In summary, DT provides precise and accurate data on a
material's mechanical properties, but it requires the destruction
of a sample, while NDT allows for the inspection of a large
volume of material without causing any damage, but it provides
more limited information on a material's mechanical properties.
 Both methods have their advantages and limitations, and the
choice of method will depend on the specific requirements of the
application and the type of material being tested
Classification of NDT Personnel
 NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) personnel are classified according to their
level of qualification and experience. The different levels of NDT
personnel are defined by industry standards, such as the American
Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) or the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). These levels are commonly
referred to as Level I, Level II, and Level III, with Level III being the
most experienced and qualified level.
 Level I: NDT Level I personnel are entry-level technicians who are trained to perform basic NDT
tasks under the direct supervision of a Level II or Level III technician. Level I personnel are
responsible for conducting tests, preparing reports, and interpreting results, but they require
supervision and guidance from more experienced personnel.
 Level II: NDT Level II personnel are more experienced technicians who have received additional
training and certification in specific NDT techniques. They are able to perform more complex tests
and are responsible for analyzing and interpreting test results. Level II personnel are also responsible
for training and supervising Level I technicians.
 Level III: NDT Level III personnel are the most experienced and qualified technicians. They are
responsible for overseeing all NDT activities, including the selection and qualification of NDT
personnel and the development of NDT procedures. Level III personnel are also responsible for
interpreting test results, making critical decisions, and solving complex problems.
 In addition to these three levels, some industry standards

recognize additional levels of qualification, such as Level IV
and Level V. These levels are typically reserved for
individuals with extensive experience and specialized
knowledge in a specific NDT technique or application
Common Application of NDT
 NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) is used in a wide range of industries

and applications to inspect and test materials, components, and
structures without causing any damage or alteration. Some of the
most common applications of NDT include:
 Aerospace: NDT is used to test aircraft components and structures, including wings, fuselages,
engines, and landing gear. Ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, and magnetic particle testing are
commonly used to detect defects and ensure the safety and reliability of aircraft.
 Automotive: NDT is used to test the quality and integrity of automotive components and structures,
such as engine parts, suspension components, and frames. Magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic
testing, and radiographic testing are commonly used to detect defects and ensure the safety and
performance of vehicles.
 Oil and Gas: NDT is used to test oil and gas pipelines, tanks, and other structures for defects and
corrosion. Magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiographic testing are commonly used
to detect and monitor defects, ensuring the safety and integrity of the infrastructure
 Power Generation: NDT is used to test the integrity of power plant
components, including turbines, boilers, and heat exchangers. Radiographic
testing, ultrasonic testing, and magnetic particle testing are commonly used to
detect defects and ensure the safety and reliability of power generation systems.
 Construction: NDT is used to test the quality and integrity of concrete, steel,
and other building materials. Ultrasonic testing, magnetic particle testing, and
radiographic testing are commonly used to detect defects and ensure the safety
and durability of buildings and infrastructure.
 Manufacturing: NDT is used in manufacturing to test the quality and
integrity of materials and components, such as welds, castings, and forgings.
Magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and radiographic testing are
commonly used to detect defects and ensure the safety and performance of
manufactured products.
 Overall, NDT is a critical tool for ensuring the safety,

reliability, and quality of a wide range of materials,
components, and structures across many industries.
COMMON NDT (PT, MT, RT AND UT)
 Some common NDT welding techniques include:
1.Ultrasonic Testing (UT): This technique uses high-frequency sound waves to
detect internal defects in the weld.
2.Radiographic Testing (RT): This method uses X-rays or gamma rays to produce
an image of the welded joint, which can reveal any defects or inconsistencies.
3.Magnetic Particle Testing (MPT): This technique uses magnetic fields and iron
oxide particles to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic
materials.
4.Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT): This method uses a liquid dye or fluorescent
solution to detect surface defects or cracks
INTRODUCTION AND TYPE OF ADVANCED NDT
(PAUT, AUT, CRT AND OTHER ADVANCED NDT)
 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is a critical tool used to

inspect and test materials, components, and structures
without causing any damage or alteration. Advanced NDT
methods have emerged to address some of the limitations
of traditional NDT techniques. Here is an introduction to
some of the commonly used advanced NDT methods:
 Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT): This is a specialized form of

ultrasonic testing that uses a phased array probe to generate high-resolution
images of internal structures. PAUT is commonly used to detect and measure
defects in welds, composites, and other materials.
 Automated Ultrasonic Testing (AUT): This is a fully automated form of
ultrasonic testing that uses robotic equipment to inspect large structures or
pipelines. AUT can cover a large area of inspection quickly and accurately,
making it a preferred method for inspecting long pipelines or large structures.
 Computed Radiography Testing (CRT): This is an advanced form of
radiographic testing that uses digital imaging technology to produce high-quality
images of the internal structure of materials. CRT is commonly used to detect and
measure defects in welds, castings, and other materials.
 Eddy Current Testing (ECT): This method uses electromagnetic induction to

detect flaws or corrosion in conductive materials. ECT is commonly used to
inspect aircraft components, heat exchangers, and pipelines.
 Infrared Thermography (IRT): This is an advanced method that uses thermal
imaging to detect defects in materials. IRT can detect defects such as
delamination, debonding, or voids in composites and other materials.
 Acoustic Emission Testing (AET): This method uses sensors to detect the high-
frequency signals generated by materials under stress, which can indicate the
presence of defects or other changes in the material.
 Digital Radiography (DR): This is a form of radiographic testing that uses
digital sensors to produce high-resolution images of the internal structure of
materials. DR is commonly used to detect and measure defects in welds, castings,
and other materials.
(PAUT, AUT, CRT AND OTHER ADVANCED NDT
 Overall, advanced NDT methods offer a more

accurate, reliable, and efficient way to inspect and test
materials, components, and structures. Each method
has its unique advantages and limitations, and the
selection of the most appropriate method depends on the
specific application and the type of material being tested.

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WELDING INSPECTION AND TESTING

NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT)

 NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) Welding is a method of testing and

 NDT welding techniques are used to detect any defects or

 In addition to these three levels, some industry standards

 NDT (Non-Destructive Testing) is used in a wide range of industries

 Overall, NDT is a critical tool for ensuring the safety,

 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) is a critical tool used to

 Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT): This is a specialized form of

 Eddy Current Testing (ECT): This method uses electromagnetic induction to

 Overall, advanced NDT methods offer a more

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