Unit 3: Compass Survey
Unit 3: Compass Survey
Unit 3: Compass Survey
Compass survey
Topics covered – Compass Surveying
True meridian
Line passing through geographic north
and south pole and observer’s position
Position is fixed Geographic
Established by astronomical Observer’s north pole
observations position
Used for large extent and accurate
survey (land boundary)
Geographic
north pole
Magnetic meridian
Line passing through the direction shown by freely
suspended magnetic needle
Affected by many things i.e. magnetic substances
Position varies with time (why? not found yet)
Assumed meridian
Line passing through the direction towards some
permanent point of reference
Used for survey of limited extent
Disadvantage
Meridian can’t be re-established if points lost.
W E
A
B SΦW S
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 8
Whole circle bearing (Azimuth)
3000
W E
A
N
Conversion of W.C.B. into R.B.
D
θ A Φ
W o E
ß
α B
C
S
Line W.C.B. between Rule for R.B. Quadrants
N
Conversion of R.B. into W.C.B.
D
ß θ A
W o E
Φ
α
B
C
S
Line R.B. Rule for W.C.B. W.C.B. between
OA NθE W.C.B. = R.B. 00 and 900
OB SΦE W.C.B. = 1800 – R.B. 900 and 1800
OC SαE W.C.B. = 1800 + R.B. 1800 and 2700
OD SßE W.C.B. = 3600- R.B. 2700and 3600
A D
B.B.=F.B.
Magnitude is same just the sign
changes i.e. cardinal points changes to
opposite.
B D
NΦE NßW
SΦW SßE
A C
ß B
ß
Θ-1800 -ß θ
A
1800 + θ-ß
θ C
A
C
B
NθE
SθW SßE
1800-(θ+ß)
A
A Θ+ß C
SßE
C
?
Ø
?
? ?
=?
Bearing of line AB = θ1
Back Bearing of line AB = 1800 + θ1
= 3600 – BB of line AB = 3600 -(1800 + θ1)
is also = alternate angle of (1800 – θ1) = (1800 – θ1)
=?
Bearing of line BC = θ2
Back Bearing of line BC = 1800 + θ2
= 3600 – BB of line BC = 3600 -(1800 + θ2)
?
Ø
=?
ABC = 1240 15’ BCD = 1560 30’ CDE = 1020 00’ DEF = 950 15’
? G
241 30’
0
1240 15’
A B
F
215 45’
0
2150 45’
1240 15’ E F
B 950 15’
1560 30’
C
950 15’
156 30’
0
102 00’
0
1020 00’ E
C D
D
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 22
5.2 Numerical on angle & bearing
2410 30’ FB of line BC = (2410 30’- 1800) + 1240 15’ = 1850 45’
A
1240 15’
B
1850 45’
B
C
1560 30’
C
1620 15’ FB of line DE =1020 00’ - (1800- 1620 15’) = 840 15’
C F
E 950 15’
102 00’
0
840 15’ E
D
D
G
1240 15’
B
2150 45’
2150 45’ F
F 1560 30’
C
950 15’
1020 00’ E
359 30’
0
E D
B
S5
50
0 0 7’ E 26
’E
41
N
C
A 790 16’
N120 58’W
D
S120 47’E
F E
S860 48’W
= 800 25’
2
0
47
’E
= 990 46’
B
ß
θ
θ1 C
A
First method
Difference of B.B. & F.B. of each lines of traverse is checked to
not if they differ by correctly or not.
The one having correct difference means that bearing
measured in those stations are free from local attraction
Correction are accordingly applied to rest of station.
If none of the lines have correct difference between F.B. &
B.B., the one with minimum error is balanced and repeat the
similar procedure.
Diagram is good friend again to solve the numerical problem.
Second method
Based on the fact that the interior angle measured on the
affected station is right.
All the interior angles are measured
Check of interior angle – sum of interior angles = (2n-4) right
angle, where n is number of traverse side
Errors are distributed and bearing of lines are calculated with
the corrected angles from the lines with unaffected station.
D e1
E
c1
C
a1 c2
b2
A B b1
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 34
5.5 Traverse, types, compass &
chain traversing
Use of traverse
Locate details, topographic details B
Lay out engineering works α
γ
C
θ
Types of Traverse A
Φ
Open Traverse ß D
E
Closed Traverse
Open traverse
Geometrically don’t close
No geometric verification
Measuring technique must be refined
Use – route survey (road, irrigation, coast line etc..)
250 R
B
220 L
C
A
Close traverse
Geometrically close (begins and close at same point)-loop traverse
Start from the points of known position and ends to the point of
known position – may not geometrically close – connecting traverse
Can be geometrically verified
Use – boundary survey, lake survey, forest survey etc..
B
250 R
α D
γ B 22 L
0
C
A θ C
Φ A Co-ordinate of A &D is already known
ß D
E
Methods of traversing
Chain traversing (Not chain surveying)
Chain & compass traversing (Compass surveying)
Transit tape traversing (Theodolite Surveying)
Plane-table traversing (Plane Table Surveying)
F E
By observing bearing
B
len
gth
C
A
F E
B C
B C
250 R
B D
22 L
0
C
A
B
θ C
C
A A
D
E
ß should be = θ + 1800 ß
A B Q
D
A B
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 50
E
5.6 Field work and field book
B(295.351, 429.986)
C (138.080, 446.580)
E (74.795, 49.239)
D (26.879, 353.448)
0 cm
n 60
a
A 600 ×t
m
5c
5c
m
D
B
P = b× tanθ
θ
A b B
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 56
5.7 Computation & plotting
Contd…
a traverse
By the chord of the angle
Geometrical method of laying off an angle
D
(2×5×sin 450/2)cm
D
B
450
5c Chord r’ = 2rsinθ/2
A m
θ θ/2 rsinθ/2
θ/2
A r B
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 57
5.7 Computation & plotting
Contd…
a traverse
Coordinate method
Survey station are plotted by their co-ordinates.
Very accurate method of plotting
Closing error is balanced prior to plotting-Biggest
advantage
D’ D
C
E
E’ D C’
C
E
B
A’ A
e’
B’
B
A
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 58
5.7 Computation & plotting
Contd…
a traverse
What is co-ordinates
Latitude
Co-ordinate length parallel to meridian
+ve for northing, -ve for southing
Departure IV θ I
L = l×cosθ
Co-ordinate length perpendicular to meridian ( +,-) (+,+)
l
+ve for easting, -ve for westing
Magnitude = length of line× sin(bearing angle)
A
III II
(-,-) (-, +)
Dep. BC (-)
B Dep. AB (-)
Lat. AB(+)
Lat. BC(-)
Lat. DA(+)
D Dep. DA (+)
Lat. CD(+)
Dep. CD
C
Lat. AB
B
always error A
Lat. BC
Both angle & distance A’
Lat. DA’
Traverse never close
Error of closure can be D
Dep. DA’
computed mathematically C
Lat. CD
Dep. CD
A
Closing Error (A’A) =√(∑Lat2+ ∑dep2 ) θ ∑lat
C
E
D
E 74.795 49.239
EA + 225.206 + 250.608
A 300.000 (CHECK) 300.00(CHECK)
A (300.000, 300.000)
LATITUDE AXIS
B(295.351, 429.986)
C (138.080, 446.580)
E (74.795, 49.239)
D (26.879, 353.448)
Side length
AB = 401.58’, BC = 382.20’, CD = 368.28’
DE = 579.03’, EA = 350.10’
Bearing of side AB = N 510 22’ 00” E (Allowable precision is 1/3000)
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 76
Unit 5: Compass traversing & Traverse
computation 77