4-Motion in Two and Three Dimension

Chapter 4
Motion in Two and Three

Dimensions
Chapter 4: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
4-1 Position and Displacement

4-2 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
4-3 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous
Acceleration
4-4 Projectile Motion
4-5 Uniform Circular Motion
4-6 Relative Motion in One Dimension
4-7 Relative Motion in Two Dimensions
 A position vector locates a particle in space

o
Extends from a reference point (origin) to the particle
Eq. (4-1)
Example
o Position vector (-3m, 2m, 5m)
Figure 4-1
 Change in position vector is a displacement

Eq. (4-2)

We can rewrite this as:
Eq. (4-3)
 Or express it in terms of changes in each coordinate:

Eq. (4-4)
 Average velocity is
o
A displacement divided by its time interval
Eq. (4-8)
 We can write this in component form:
Example Eq. (4-9)

o A particle moves through displacement (12 m)i + (3.0 m)k in
2.0 s:
 Instantaneous velocity is
o
The velocity of a particle at a single point in time
o
The limit of avg. velocity
as the time interval shrinks to 0 Eq. (4-10)
 Visualize displacement and instantaneous velocity:
Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4

 In unit-vector form, we write:
 Which can also be written:

Eq. (4-11)
Eq. (4-12)

Note: a velocity vector does not extend from one point
to another, only shows direction and magnitude
Acceleration
 Average acceleration is
o
A change in velocity divided by its time interval
Eq. (4-15)
 Instantaneous acceleration is again the limit t → 0:

Eq. (4-16)
 We can write Eq. 4-16 in unit-vector form:

Acceleration
 We can rewrite as:
Eq. (4-17)
Eq. (4-18)

To get the components of acceleration, we differentiate
the components of velocity with respect to time
Figure 4-6
Acceleration
 Note: as with velocity, an acceleration vector does not
extend from one point to another, only shows direction
and magnitude

Acceleration
 A projectile is
o
A particle moving in the vertical plane
o
With some initial velocity
o
Whose acceleration is always free-fall acceleration (g)
 The motion of a projectile is projectile motion
 Launched with an initial velocity v0
Eq. (4-19)
Eq. (4-20)
 Therefore we can decompose two-dimensional motion

into 2 one-dimensional problems
Figure 4-10
 Horizontal motion:
o
No acceleration, so velocity is constant (recall Eq. 2-15):
Eq. (4-21)
 Vertical motion:
o
Acceleration is always -g (recall Eqs. 2-15, 2-11, 2-16):
Eq. (4-22)
Eq. (4-23)
Eq. (4-24)
 The projectile's trajectory is

o
Its path through space (traces a parabola)
o
Found by eliminating time between Eqs. 4-21 and 4-22:
Eq. (4-25)
 The horizontal range is:

o
The distance the projectile travels in x by the time it returns
to its initial height
Eq. (4-26)
 In these calculations we assume air resistance is

negligible
 In many situations this is a poor assumption:
Figure 4-13
Table 4-1
 A particle is in uniform circular motion if

o
It travels around a circle or circular arc
o
At a constant speed
 Since the velocity changes, the particle is accelerating!
 Velocity and acceleration have:
o
Constant magnitude
o
Changing direction
Figure 4-16
 Acceleration is called centripetal acceleration

o
Means “center seeking”
o
Directed radially inward
Eq. (4-34)
 The period of revolution is:

o
The time it takes for the particle go around the closed path
exactly once
Eq. (4-35)
 Measures of position and velocity depend on the

reference frame of the measurer
o
How is the observer moving?
o
Our usual reference frame is that of the ground
 Read subscripts “PA”, “PB”, and “BA” as

“P as measured by A”,
“P as measured by B”, and
“B as measured by A"
 Frames A and B are each watching the
movement of object P
Figure 4-18
 Positions in different frames are related by:

Eq. (4-40)
 Taking the derivative, we see velocities are related by:
Eq. (4-41)
 But accelerations (for non-accelerating reference

frames, aBA = 0) are related by
Eq. (4-42)
Example
Frame A: x = 2 m, v = 4 m/s
Frame B: x = 3 m, v = -2 m/s
P as measured by A: xPA = 5 m, vPA = 2 m/s, a = 1 m/s2
So P as measured by B:
o
xPB = xPA + xAB = 5 m + (2m – 3m) = 4 m
o
vPB = vPA + vAB = 2 m/s + (4 m/s – -2m/s) = 8 m/s
o
a = 1 m/s2
 The same as in one dimension, but now with vectors:

 Positions in different frames are related by:
Eq. (4-43)
 Velocities:
Eq. (4-44)

Accelerations (for non-accelerating reference frames):
Eq. (4-45)

Again, observers in different frames will see the same
acceleration
 Frames A and B are both observing the motion of P
Figure 4-19

Acceleration
4 Summary
Position Vector Displacement

 Locates a particle in 3-space  Change in position vector
Eq. (4-1) Eq. (4-2)
Eq. (4-3)
Eq. (4-4)
Average and Average and

Instantaneous Velocity Instantaneous Accel.
Eq. (4-8) Eq. (4-15)
Eq. (4-10) Eq. (4-16)

4 Summary
Projectile Motion Uniform Circular Motion

 Flight of particle subject only  Magnitude of acceleration:
to free-fall acceleration (g)
Eq. (4-34)
Eq. (4-22)
 Time to complete a circle:
Eq. (4-35)
Eq. (4-23)
Relative Motion
 Trajectory is parabolic path  For non-accelerating reference
frames
Eq. (4-25)
Eq. (4-44)
 Horizontal range:
Eq. (4-26) Eq. (4-45)

4-Motion in Two and Three Dimension

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Chapter 4

Motion in Two and Three

4-1 Position and Displacement

 A position vector locates a particle in space

 Change in position vector is a displacement

 Or express it in terms of changes in each coordinate:

Example Eq. (4-9)

 Visualize displacement and instantaneous velocity:

Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4

 In unit-vector form, we write:

 Which can also be written:

 Instantaneous acceleration is again the limit t → 0:

 We can write Eq. 4-16 in unit-vector form:

4-1 Position and Displacement

 Therefore we can decompose two-dimensional motion

 The projectile's trajectory is

 The horizontal range is:

 In these calculations we assume air resistance is

 A particle is in uniform circular motion if

 Acceleration is called centripetal acceleration

 The period of revolution is:

 Measures of position and velocity depend on the

 Read subscripts “PA”, “PB”, and “BA” as

 Positions in different frames are related by:

 Taking the derivative, we see velocities are related by:

 But accelerations (for non-accelerating reference

 The same as in one dimension, but now with vectors:

 Frames A and B are both observing the motion of P

4-1 Position and Displacement

Position Vector Displacement

Eq. (4-1) Eq. (4-2)

Average and Average and

Eq. (4-10) Eq. (4-16)

Projectile Motion Uniform Circular Motion

Eq. (4-26) Eq. (4-45)

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