forensic 5

Lie detection
 THEORY IN LIE DETECTION
According to Handler (2018) a very justifiable theory in
comparison question test is that, there are changes in measured
physiology load on one group of questions or the other, as a
function of deception or truth-telling to the relevant questions. A
subject who is lying to the relevant questions, will have larger
changes in the measured physiology to the relevant questions
than to the comparison questions. On the other hand, a person
who is telling the truth to the relevant question, will have larger
changes in the measured physiology to the comparison question
than to the relevant questions
 PSYCHOLOGY OF LYING
• The capability of telling a lie is learned as human developed and
earned experiences. Young children learn to lie to avoid punishment
for any wrong doing. In this early stage of development, children utter
lies which are unbelievable because they could not fully realize whether
their statement is believable or not. When their lies were undetected,
they will be encourage to tell more lies. The moral understanding to
stop from telling lies is not yet perceive by children. Experience makes
them understand the nature and effect of lying. Their attitude of telling
lies are likely to change in early adulthood. Obviously, adult lying is
more than children. Sophisticated.
 DECEPTION
is defined as an act of convincing another to believe an
information that is not true. It involves concepts like
propaganda, distraction and concealment.
 DEFINITION OF LIE
1. An assertion of something known or believed by speaker or writer
to be untrue (miriam-
webster.com).
2.A false statement made with deliberate intent to deceive
(thesaurus.com).
3. Is a type of deception in the form of an untruthful Statement with
the intention to deceive.
4 An assertion that is believed to be false, typically Used with the
purpose of deceiving someone
(https//en.m.wikipedia.org.wiki)
 KINDS OF LIE

1. White Lie -a harmless lie

intended to protect the
feelings of others from being
upset by the truth.
2.Black Lie- simple and callous selfishness. For Self-
interest, to gain something at the expense of Another.
examples:
 Nature. Telling an untruth and attributing it to a false source.
 Lying. Inappropriate arguments.
 Fabricated quotations.
 Grey lies. White lies.
 Breach of promise. Exploitation of trust.
 Lie.
 (E) Emanationsor issuing of other problems.
3.Red Lie- are about spite and revenge. Liars are driven by
the motive to harm others even at the expense of harming one
self .
Example, jack is a drug dealler and he have a friend name cole
.
jack ask cole if there are a cops arriving in the street then cole
responce that there are no cops in the street .jack doesnt know
that cole jealous with him long time ago so that jack arrested
because he carrying illegal substance.
4. Blue Lie- is a form of lying that is told purporsely to
benefit the collective or in the name of collective Good.
Example- GSW coach steve kerr said that they paid the
referees to win against ginebra .
5. Perjury – is the act of lying by giving false statements
regarding an important matter that is made
under oath.
example: The purposeful telling of a lie while under oath to
tell the truth in a matter a person is called to testify for.
Fabrication – telling a statement to others that is
Minimization rationalization in a situation where complete denial is
implausible.Not surely true.
Jocose Lie – are lies meant in jest.
not intended lie example jokes ,medy and for intertainment purposes
Exaggeration- occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a
statement are true, but only to acertain degree.
12. Bluff- an act of deception that is rarely seen immoral when it
takes place in the context of a game.
 TYPE OF LIARS (according to Paul Ekman)

1.Natural Liars
This type of liar is very successful and effortless in telling
lies. People believe them because they are very convincing
in words and actions. They are highly killed and capitalizing
on their talent relevant to their profession.
2. Pathological Liars
This type of liars have chronic behavior of habitually or
compulsively lying even without apparent reason
for doing so.
 Embellishing lies with extensive details.
 Telling dramatic and highly unlikely stories.
 Appearing anxious while talking.
 Getting defensive when confronted about a lie.
 Constantly changing their story or being vague when
questioned.
 Lying about something even when there's no reason
to.
People who lie pathologically may want others to view
them positively, making things up to make them look
better. Their desire to create a false sense of self could
indicate that they are unhappy with themselves
3. Psychopaths
This type of liar have persistent antisocial behavior, lack of empathy and
remorse. He lies easily without feeling any guilt or shame because of his
Psychopathic condition.

ANXIETY DUE TO LYING

During the stage of interview or interrogation, the investigator must control the
situation psychologically in order to create anxiety on the liar. A deceptive person
will tell another lie to cover their previous lie when they realized that they are
about to be discovered lying. The consequences of getting caught, makes them
uncomfortable. When under stressful situation, the body will react and send
signal to our brain. The hypothalamus will be stimulated and initiates the
release of hormones to prepare our body for fight or flight response.
Hyphotalamus
structure deep in your brain, acts as
your body's smart control coordinating
center.
the hypothalamus plays a crucial
role in many important functions,
including:
releasing hormones.
 maintaining daily physiological
cycles.
 controlling appetite.
 managing sexual behavior.
 regulating emotional responses.
 regulating body temperature.
CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE BODY DURINGST F SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
1. Heart rate and blood pressure increases
2. Pale or flushed skin
3. Dilated pupils
4. Increase awareness
5. Altered memory
6. Sense of sight sharpens
7. Impulses quicken
8. Perception of pain diminishes
9.sweat glands is stimulated
10.the flow of blood from the digestive tract is diverted towards muscles and limbs
Physiological
relating to the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of
living organisms and their parts.

Physiological responses of Lying,

The physiological data recorded by the polygraph that is generated from
an examinee in response to stimuli presented during the polygraph
examination can be attributed to the activity of the Autonomic
Nervous System The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls
unconscious bodily functions such as hearth beat, breathing, salivation,
perspiration and other manifestations of arousal. The ANS is basically
composed of the sympathetic (SANS) and parasympathetic nervous
system (PSANS). The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the
internal
body organ in response to a stressful situation. The
parasympathetic nervous system slows down the
physiological activation caused by the SANS to maintain the
minimum level or balance. The activity of parasympathetic
autonomic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system
in response to a given situation are of homeostasis balance.
Thus, any activity related to changes in the autonomic
nervous system is presumed to maintain homeostasis and
survival (Nelson, 2015).
The activation of the sympathetic nervous system which
causes changes in the respiratory, electro dermal
cardiovascular, and vasomotor activity is primarily of interest
during polygraph examination.
1. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The respiratory system supplies oxygen and removed carbon dioxide
in our body. As we breathe, the air travels in and out of our lungs. There is
an intake of oxygen as we inhales, carbon dioxide were taken out
of body cells when we exhales. During polygraph testing, breathing is
monitored to determine physiological phenomena associated with the
activity of the autonomic nervous system.
PARTS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
1. Nasal cavity - it warms, moisture, and filter the air entering the body before it riches
the lungs.The Hairs and mucus in the nasal cavity is useful in trapping any
contaminants present in the air.
2. Right primary bronchus –
delivers oxygen to the superior,
middle, and inferior lobe of the right
lung

3. Superior lobar bronchus

carries air to alveoli. The exchanges
of gases between the air in the
lungs and the blood in the
capillaries occurs across the walls
of alveolar ducts and alveoli.
5. Pharynx – it allows inhaled air entering the nasal Cavity to
make its way to the respiratory tract 6. Trachea a wide hollow tube
that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs. It provides the
flow of air to and from the lungs during
respiration.
8. Larynx-a tough, flexible segment of the respiratory tract
connecting the pharynx to the trachea in the neck. It allows the air
to pass through the respiratory tract while keeping food and drink
to block the airway The alveoli are small air sacs located at the
ends of air passage way of the lungs that facilitates the exchange
of oxygen and carbon dioxide (https://www. Kenhub.com).
The diaphragm and intercostal muscles are involved in breathing
activity.
7. Diaphragm - it separates the
thoracic cavity from the abdominal
cavity. When it contracts the
volume of thoracic cavity
increases, creating a negative
pressure that draws air into the
lungs.
RESPIRATORY RATE
The resting breathing pattern is between 12 to 18 breaths per minute (Tobin, et.al,
1988; Handler, Reicherter, Nelson & Fausett, 2009). Examinees who deliberately
control their breathing rate to affect the physiological data recorded by the polygraph can
be determined by
observing the regularity and characteristics of respiration rate:
1. Eupnea – normal breathing
2. Tachypnea – fast breathing
3. Bradypnea – slow breathing
FACTORS THAT AFFECT BREATHING PATTERN
1. Disease
2. Age
3. Athleticism
4. Excessive Deep Breathing
 II. ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY
The term electrodermal activity refers to changes in the electrical properties in the skin
(Johnson & Lubin, 1966).The older term used to describe the skin phenomena is
galvanic skinresponse or galvanic skin reflex which was named after Luigi Galvani
(Boucsein. 2012, Handler, Nelson, Krapohl & Honts, 2010). According to Brown,
(1967), the term was no longer suggested to use because on the following reasons:
1. It suggests that the skin can be considered as a galvanic element, which does not
correspond to the multiplicity and complexity of EDA phenomena.
2. It suggests that EDRs are elicited as a kind of reflex, which would neither comprise
spontaneous EDRS nor psychologically elicited electrodermal changes.
3. GSR has been used to cover not only phasic EDRS
But also electrodermal phenomena in general, including tonic EDA, which gives rise its
ambiguity.
The galvanic skin response - refers to changes in sweat gland activity that are
reflective of the intensity of our emotional state, otherwise known as emotional arousal
 METHODS OF ACTIVITY RECORDING
ELECTRODERMAL
1. Exosomatic Method – The application of either
direct current or alternating current
(AC) to the skin. In DC measurement, if voltage is
kept constant, EDA is recorded directly in skin
conductance units, while skin resistance units are
obtained when current is kept constant (Handler,
Nelson, Krapohl, & Honts, 2010). The
discovery of exosomatic methods of recording EDA
was discovered by Fere in 1888.
. Skin Conductance- Siemens (S) or mhos
. Skin Resistance
- Ohms
2. Endosomatic Method- Refers to the
measurement of electrodermal response generated
by the sweat glands without using external current.
It was first reported by Tarchanoff in 1890.. Skin
Potential – measured in microvolts.
TERMINOLOGY OF ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY
1. Electrodermal Activity (EDA) refers to Changes The electrical properties of the skin.
2. Electrodermal Level (EDL)- refers to the baseline or tonic level.
3. Electrodermal Response (EDR)- refers to phasic Response or reaction to stimuli.
4.Skin Conductance Level (SCL) refers to tonic level, recorded through exosomatic
methods.
5.Skin Conductance Response (SCR) – phasic
Reaction recorded through exosomatic methods.
6. Skin Resistance Level (SRL) – tonic level, recorded through exosomatic methods.
7. Skin Resistance Response (SRR)-phasic response recorded through exosomatic
methods.
8. Skin Potential Level (SPL) tonic
Level recorded through endosomatic methods.
9.Skin Potential Response (SPR)- phasic response recorded through endosomatic
methods.
 DIFFERENT LAYERS OF THE SKIN
1. Epidermis – the outer layer of the skin which
Provides waterproof barrier and creates skin tone.
Stratum Malpighi – this region is comprised of the two
deepest layers of the epidermis which are the strata
germinativum, and spinosum.
Stratum Intermedium it consist of stratum granulosum, and
stratum lucidum. Stratum Corneum can be divided into a
Lower, middle and upper zone
2. Dermis (cutis) – the lower layer part of the skin that
contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and sweat
glands. It serves to cushion the body from stress and strain.
Papillary Layer- it contains collagen fibers, supply nutrients
to selected part of the epidermis And regulates temperature.
Reticular Layer – is made of thick collagen fibers that are
arranged in parallel to the surface of the skin. It serves to
strengthen The skin by providing structure and elasticity
1. Hypodermis (sub cutis) – it attaches the skin 3.To connective tissue covering the
muscles. It Contains the secretory part of the eccrine sweat
Gland embedded in fatty tissue, blood vessels and Nerves supplying the rest of the skin
(Boucsein, 1992; Handler et al., 2010).”
THE SWEAT GLANDS
The sweat glands are small tubular structures in the skin that produce and secrete
substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.
1. Apocrine Sweat Glands
These type of sweat glands are located in the armpit and genital areas.
They are larger in size which are
discharge into hair follicles, and produced body smells that cause by skin
bacteria. They are not of value
as sources of electrodermal response considered in psychophysiology or
polygraphy (Fowles, 1986).
2. Eccrine Sweat Glands
These type of sweat glands are distributed all over the body, but most are
found on the palms, soles and forehead and least dense on the arms, trunk
and legs (Fowles, 1986).
The eccrine sweat glands primary function is to help in maintaining
homoeostasis by regulating body temperature. It consists of a secretory coil
found in the dermis and sweat duct located in the hypodermis.
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The system that contains the

heart and the blood vessels
and moves blood throughout
the body. This system helps
tissues get enough oxygen
and nutrients, and it helps
them get rid of waste
products.
III. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Dr. William M. Marston was known as the first to use blood pressure cuff in an
attempt to detect deception. He used a discontinuous blood-pressure test to record
systolic blood pressure readings of a suspect during investigation. Dr. Marston findings
on discontinues blood-pressure was presented in Frye case in 1923 which led to
decision of US District Court of Washington disallowing the result for lacked of general
acceptance in scientific community (Handler et al, 2007).
The cardiovascular system consists of heart muscles, arteries, capillaries, and veins. Its
purpose is To transport nutrients and oxygen to body tissues and removed metabolic
wastes and carbon dioxide from the body tissues (Handler, et al, 2007).
During polygraph examination, the primary concern of polygraph examiner is to monitor
the changes that occur in the heart and blood vessels by measuring the physiological
phenomena through a partially inflated blood pressure cuff.
Emotion-evoking questions are known to cause baseline arousal and sometimes a
change in pulse amplitude. Baseline changes in cardiograph tracing usually may occur
during phasic or tonic change (Handler, et al. 2007).
CARDIOVASCULAR FEATURES
1.Changes in Baseline
2.Changes in the pulse amplitude
Baseline changes is either tonic rise or a phasic rise and fall. Phasic
changes are generally associated with SNS arousal. They rise quickly and
generally fall to the pre stimulus level or a new level. Both Matte 1996 and
DACA Anatomy and physiology) have published that baseline changes are
manifested by changes in blood volume at the site where it is being
recorded.
The diagnostic importance of pulse amplitude and baseline changes are
primarily caused by changes in blood pressure and blood volume (Handler,
et al, 2007)
CARDIAC CYCLE
The cardiac cycle describes all the
activities of The heart through one
complete heartbeat that involves One
contraction and relaxation of both the
atria and Ventricles (Packs, 1997).
1.Systole refers to the contraction of
the cardiac muscle. It is the highest
vertical point in the pulse wave of the
cardiovascular tracings.
2.Diastole relaxation phase, this
refers to the Descending limb of the
pulse wave.
3. Dicrotic notch – it is the
rebounding of the blood against the
closed aortic semilunar valve after
systole
AVERAGE HEART RATE
The average heart rate ranges between 70-80 bpm (Martini,
2000). It may decreases during sleep by 10 to 20 bpm, and
may reach up to 150bpm during emotional excitement
(Larsen et al., 1986).
1.Bradycardia 60bpm
2. Tachycardia 100bpm
 PRACTICAL WAYS TO DETECT LIE
flared nostrils, lip biting, rapid blinking or
sweatin ,changes in facial activity signify an
increase in brain activity as a lie begins.
Some people will get a slight flush to their
face when they are lying, so look for blushed
cheeks as anxiety may set in.
Signs of Lying
1.Being vague; offering few details.
2.Repeating questions before answering
them.
3.Speaking in sentence fragments.
4.Failing to provide specific details when a
story is challenged.
Grooming behaviors such as playing with
hair or pressing fingers to lips.
WHY PEOPLE LIE?
 to protect the liar from being
punished, or to protect someone else
from punishment. The lie might be to
avoid being embarrassed, to hide an
awkward situation, or to simply have
others think better of the person telling
the fib. Such lying isn't admirable, but
not hard to understand why it occurs.