Polygraphy

Historical Development of Polygraphy


A. Methods on Detection of Deception
1. Ancient Methods
a. Utilized religious and superstitious belief as
vehicle (a medium for the impression or achievement
of something) or for the establishment of truth.
b. Not based on any understanding of the
psychological principles underlying (being or
involving basic facts or principles) deception.
c. Accomplished thru ordeals, torture or trial by
combat.
Early Method of detecting deception

trial by combat
Originated from India and one of the
examples of this:
A rich man or accuser could hire
somebody or bigger one to fight the
accused. After the fight the loser is
adjudged guilty of crime.
 TRIAL BY COMBAT METHOD

 Resorted to when determinative evidence is lacking

to facilitate adjudicating (bringing to an end) of
issues in civil actions.

 Wagered (stake on the outcome of an issue)

personally between accuser and accused or thru a
“champion” a hired substitute for the occasion.

 Victor is assumed to have proven his case.

 If the vanquished (the one defeated in a battle) is

still alive and happens to be the accused, he is
adjudged (declared) guilty and punish.

The Method of Ordeal
 It is significant that, with few exceptions, the
historical accounts of detecting deception from the days of
Christ , through the Middle Ages, are history of the
Ordeal. Superstition so swayed the minds of people that it
was rule for them to ask for ordeal to prove their
innocence. The accuser was not looking, evidently, for
suspicious clues in the face or actions of the individual, for
apparently the psychology of deceit did not exist. Even the
religious of Europe , as late as the 16th Century, taught that
proof of innocence or guilt would be furnished from on
high in a variety of mystical modes. People did not
consider that proof lay within or on the surface of suspect
himself.
THE METHOD of Ordeal

 Red hot Iron Ordeal

 Ordeal of the Balance
 Boiling water Ordeal
 Ordeal of the Red Water
 Ordeal of Rice Chewing
 Donkey’s Tail Ordeal
 Red hot iron ordeal

This form of trial was used among the hill of
tribes of Rajhamal in the North of Bengal, India
where the accused was apt (at risk of or subject
to experiencing something usually unpleasant) to
be told to prove his innocence by applying his
tongue to red hot iron nine times (unless burned
sooner). If burned, he was put to death. (Perhaps
a sense of guilt made the mouth dry)
Ordeal of Balance
 This is the practiced of testing the veracity
of the accused by placing him on one scale of
balance. It merely this, in one scale the
accused was in the other, a counter balance.
The accused then stepped out of the scale,
listened to a judge deliver an exhortation to
the balance, and got back in. If were found
too lighter than before, he was acquitted.
(pag may problema mabigat pakiramdam.)
The boiling water ordeal
As a test for deception, this ordeal is in use in modern
Africa. During explorations in British Africa a Barotso
native in her retinue (a group following and attending to
some special persons) stole Calico cloth from her supplies,
and to find the thief she allowed the natives to employ a
test which had previously been outlawed (declared illegal
or forbidden by law) along with local witchcraft.
According to this explorer:
“ The whole lot of sixty-odd natives with the wives, girl
friends and children who were along were lined up and our
head boy explained the situation. There was a thief and the
boiling water test was to be applied to find him. There was
not one dissenting (disagreeing or fight back) voice. All
agreed it was
fair test, so a fire was built and on it settled a huge pot of
water. Solemnly we watch it come to boil. Then boil
furiously,
 a smaller pot of cold water was turning over in
huge rolls the test began. Men, women, little children,
and big one’s stepped forward one by one, each plunged
immersed, drop, dash) his right arm into the boiling pot
to the elbow, and stepped into the line on the other side
of the fire. Every one took the test without murmur
(complaint) when all was finished they were told to
return at the same time, the next afternoon. The one
who, by that time, had lost some skin or showed a blister
would be proved the thief”.
The ordeal of rice chewing
An ordeal very like this is still practice in India.
Concentrated (cook until very little liquid is left) rice is the
article chosen, instead of bread and cheese. Instances are
not rare in which, through the force of imagination, guilty
persons are not able to swallow a single grain. Conscious of
their crime and fearful of the punishment of Heaven, they
feel a suffocating sensation in their throat when they
attempt it, and they fall on their knees, and confess all that
is laid to their charge.
The emotion of fear inhibits (to stop) the secretion (the
organic process of synthesizing and releasing some
substance) of the salivary glands of guilty thus he spits out
the chewed rice dry.(pag wala niluwa na bigas guilty or
pag niluwa na walang saliva guilty rin)
 Ordeal of the Red water

The accused fasts for twelve hours, swallow a small
amount of rice, then imbibes of the dark colored water
sometimes as such as a gallon. If this acts as an emetic
and the suspect ejects all of the rice, he is considered
innocent of the charge, otherwise he is judged guilty.
Their explanation is that a fetish of the victim enters the
mouth with the emetic red water, examine the heart of
the drinker, and if it finds him innocent brings up the
rice in evidence. ( balat ng rubber tree ang ginagamit.
Pag di nasuka guilty. Pag maitim ang budhi di na
ilalabas yung red water.)
 Donkey’s tail ordeal

Psychological theory, the donkey placed in one room
alone and observed it, and if the donkey cried is a
judged of guilty of crime, because deep inside and
conscience he is guilty.

This was based on the psychological trick that a

guilty party will pull the tail of a donkey that was dusted
with lampblack, for fears that it will bray (cry, laugh)
and reveal his guilt. (papasok ang suspect at
ipapahawak yung buntot. Lalagyan ng powder yung
buntot.
 Some Ordeals from among Ifugaos as written by
BARTON in 1919 in his “Cultural Anthropology”

resorted to in criminal cases were:

01. Getting a pebble from boiling water

02. Taking hold of a hot knife
03. Duel with eggs, grass stalks or spears
04. Wrestling
 Observation as a means of detecting deception


01. In 600 B.C the Hindu Sanskrit medical writings

translated in the Ayur Vedas, contained the following
quotations:
“ A person who gives poison may be recognized, He
does not answer; he speak nonsense; rubs the feet along
the ground and shivers his face, his face is discolored;
and he tries by every means to leave the house”.
02. Observation (Maternal Instinct)
Observation had been practiced by parents

especially mothers and has been dubbed as

“Maternal Instinct”. They had unconsciously
studied and memorized facial expressions and
postural reactions of their children since infancy
that they were capable of knowing almost all of
their thinking process and their accompanying
emotional reactions.
03. Facial expressions highly suggestive of
deception

a. Paling, blushing or profuse sweating on the
forehead. Eyebrows or chin
b. dilation of the eyes (protrusion of eyeball)
elevation of upper eyelid.
c. Twitching of the corners of the lips
d. Excessive winking
e. Movement of vein at temple
f. quivering nostrils
04. Postural reactions suggestive of deception
a. Inability to maintain “eye to eye” contact.
 b. Excessive activity of the “Adams Apple”

c. Dryness of the mouth, loud clacking every time he

speaks
d. Fid getting with fingers, tapping or drumming on
chair or table
e. Swinging of one leg over the other
f. Change on the tone of voice monotone
g. Pulsation of carotid artery in the neck
h. Exaggerated boldness, verbosiveness and forced
laughter
i. Incoherence, trembling and sweating
 Scientific method of detecting deception

It is the method of gathering and knowing
from the subject about the crime dispute or the
question of issue employing the use of machine or
device, drugs or substances and other accessory
means. Most of the test are not reliable to be true
and thus the information gathered are not
admissible in court as evidence but only
important to be used for further investigation.
 Scientific method of detecting deception

01. Lie detector test
02. Administration of truth serum or narco-
analysis
03. Use of alcoholic beverage
04. Stimulus association test or word
association
05. Use of hypnotism
 Lie detector test
A test used to record the physiological changes

association with lying subject. The polygraph machine
will record the blood pressure, respiratory rate and
the skin resistance to electricity in a chart paper.

Although the polygraph has been used extensively

(to a great extent) as an investigative aid in assisting
law enforcement agencies in reducing the number of
suspects in a particular offense and also used as pre-
employment examination in business and industry,
there are about 5% of the tests that are inconclusive
because of the drawbacks. Some test showed positive
results
and yet the subject is innocent and other test gave
negative results to a guilty subject.

In business and industry, the device is used to inquire
deliberate falsification of application and other
documents, illicit use of drugs, and thefts of money or
merchandize from the previous employers.

In spite of the drawbacks and unreliable results that

it may not be admissible in courts, modifications and
improvements in the machine have been done. In some
countries like in the United States, the results of the test
as evidence is steadily moving towards the direction of
admissibility in court, while the Philippines, it is still not
admissible in court.
 Administration of Truth Serum or Narco-Analysis


This is a detecting deception method using narcotic
or anesthetic drug in order to get information from the
subject.

Drugs Used in Truth Serum

01. Hyocine hydrobromide 08. Scopolamine (calm drug)
02. Sodium amytal 09. Tricholoroethylene
03. Pentotal
04. Seconal and other barbiturates
05. Methedrine (a drug that temporarily quickens vital process)
06. Methyl Phenidate
07. Droperidol
 The objective of this test is to extract
from the subconscious mind that stored
content called Memory, while the subject is

half asleep.
When produces with the correct
dosage, it will temporarily remove the will
power, the self preservation instinct and
reasoning power. The subject will thus
disclose without evasive answer to skillfully
manipulated questions .
Principle involve in Administration of Truth Serum:

The drug is injected hypodermically or intravenously

at a certain repeated dosage or if Trichloroethylene is
used should be taken by inhalation at certain amount.
When point was reached where there was released of
inhibition and subsequently released of repressed
materials from the mind, the subject is then asked
questions by the interrogator. The tendency of the
subject is to reveal in crime. The use of this method in
criminal interrogation is not advisable because of the
following reasons:
01. Administration of this drug is dangerous.
If not properly administered, it may kill the
 subject or damage the brain or spinal cord in such a
manner that the subject will be turned like
vegetable.
02. Unreliable results.
The information gathered from the subject is not
reliable to be true. If the subject gave false
information under narcosis.
03. It deprived the subject of his own free will to speak
freely.
04. The information taken from the subject under
narcosis is not admissible in court as evidence.
Although not admissible, it is quite useful for further
05. Very few doctors agree in the use of these drugs for
criminal investigation unless use for diagnosis and
treatment
 of ailment.

Use of alcoholic beverages

Alcohol in the form of alcoholic beverage maybe used

as a deception detection method. Usually the hard liquor
is the one preferred but other soft liquors may also be
used provided it served the purpose. The subject is made
to drink the liquor in divided amount up to the point of
loss of control of the mind and thus released of
inhibitions. The
subject will be asked questions and the tendency
of the subject is to forget alibis and sometimes
unveiling

the secrets of crime.
The information taken from the subject under
the influence of alcohol is also not admissible in
court as evidence because of the involuntary
condition of the subject, however, it maybe
admissible if the subject can recall his statement
when he was under the influence of alcohol when
confronted again.
 Stimulus association test or word association

 In this test, the subject will be interviewed, wherein

a group of stimulus words or objects or persons will be
presented to the subject. He will then be instructed to
answer the questions as quickly as possible. The time
interval between each relevant question and the answer
were noted down as well as the reaction of the subject
to the stimulus words or objects or persons related to
the crime.
 The time interval and the reaction of the subject will
be studied by the interrogator. A person presumed to be
guilty will usually make a mistake or will have a long
time interval in answering questions. He may manifest
hesitation in answering critical questions and especially
when the weapon used in the commission of the crime
will be shown to him. There will also be inconsistencies
in his answers or responses to the stimulus.

Example of Word Association Test:

Interviewer giving word - Rolex
Suspect giving answer - Seiko
Time interval - 2 seconds
Word Association Test
This is accomplished by giving
the subject a list of carefully
selected stimulus words
intersperse with other relevant
words with instruction for the
subject to respond with the very
first word that comes to his mind.
 This test is also not reliable as a deception
detection method because of the following
reasons:


a. A person like the recidivist and really

guilty may defeat the test by telling
lies.
b. Sometimes, the test requires the use of
intelligence in answering questions.
c. A nervous person who is innocent may
have a long time interval in answering
questions and may even have signs
and symptoms of guilt.
 Use of hypnotism

The hypnotism finds its way in criminal
investigation by hypnotizing the subject and
then questions will be asked when the subject is
under hypnosis. The subject is under the
control and influence by the hypnotist and
therefore the information gathered is devoid of
the subject’s own free will to speak making it
not admissible in court.
 This is accomplished by instructing a
subject to sit quietly and gaze at a flashing
light or shiny objects passing into hypnotic
state.
That is comfortable state or complete
relaxation in which the subject will readily
and willingly to cooperate in every way with
the hypnotizer.
 History of the polygraph

In the middle of the 19th century, Dr. Hans Gross, an
Australian known as the “Father of Criminalistics”,
defined “search for truth” as the basis and goal of all
criminal investigations. He asserted that a large part of
the criminal’s work is nothing more than a battle
against lies. Throughout the centuries, man continued
to experiment with more scientific methods in
determining truth and detecting deception.
 The pioneers of the development of Polygraph

A. The development of Cardiosphygmograph

Component
01. Cesar Lombroso , Italian Scientist (1895)
a. An Italian Criminologist who wrote : “L
Homme
Criminel” in which he related his use of the
Plethysmograph and a sphygmograph during
interogation of criminal suspects.
b. He was accorded the distinction of being the
first
person who utilized an instrument for the
purpose
In detecting-deception with the use of
Hydrosphygmograph procedures:


01. Subject hands are placed in the water

filled
tank sealed with membrane of rubber;
02. Subjects was shown pictures related to the
crime or mentioned was made to
relevant
facts;
03. Possession of blood insist or recorded in
smoke drum.
02. Angelo Mosso (1895)

a. Pursued in his studies of emotion and fear and its


influence on the heart and respiration with an
instrument for measuring blood pressure and
pulse
change called a Plethesmograph.
b. He develop a type of Sphygmomanometer and the
scientific ratio for the study of fear.
01. A rack was mounted in a full room.
02. The subject is placed in a balance rack, to wit:
a. Fear is produce through interrogation changes in
blood clot which change balance of rack.
 b. Blood movement is then recorded in small drum.
Sphygmomanometer -

(blood pressure instrument) an instrument used to
measure blood pressure in an artery that consist s of a
pressure gauge, an inflatable cuff placed around the
upper arm, and an inflator bulb or pressure pump.

03. Dr. William Marston (1915)

a. He conducted numerous test for detecting
deception utilizing the changes of systolic deception;
and
b. He develop his own method of reading systolic
blood pressure.
c. He devised the systolic blood pressure deception
test in 1915. (US vs. FRYE)
04. John A. Larson (1921)
a. He developed an instrument capable of
 continuously recording blood pressure changes,
pulse rate, and respiration; and
b. He developed the breadboard lie detector which is
now a polygraph apparatus into a portable
form.

B. The development of Galvanograph Component

01. Sticker (1897)
a. He made the first suggestion for using
galvanograph
for detecting deception on the work of several
predecessors.
Galvanometer –
(instrument to measure electric current) is an
instrument
 used to detect or measure the strength and
direction of small electric currents by means of a coil in
a magnetic field that moves a pointer or light.

02.Veraguth (1907)-
a. He was the first to use the term psycho-galvanic
skin reflex.
b. He believe that electrical phenomena is due to the
activity of the sweat glands.
03. FERE
Observed that when a weak current is applied thru

two (2) metal transducer attached to the skin,
deflection is produced on a galvanometer which he
believes to be directly influenced by a wide variety of
stimuli and emotional state.

Transducer
it is a device that transform one type of energy into
another.
C. The development of Pneumograph Component

01. Vittorio Benussi (1914)
a. He noted changes in inspiration-expiration
ratio during deception.
b. He recorded the respiratory curves of the
pneumograph.
c. He presented a paper in March 1913 on the
subject of his experiment regarding
respiratory symptoms of lying.
Inspiration - breathing in, drawing of air into the lungs
Expiration – relating to breathing out or used in
breathing
out
02. Harold Burtt (1918)
a. He determined that the respiratory
changes


were indication of deception.

b. He found out that changes in systolic
blood pressure were valuable in
determining deception.

Systolic - the contraction of the heart, during

which
blood is pumped into the arteries.
D. The Modern Polygraph Component
Leonard Keeler (1926)
He developed an improvement of John Larson’s

apparatus.
a. He device a metal recording bellows
b. Rolled chart paper
c. Incorporated galvanograph with measurement of
blood pressure and respiration.
d. Method of questioning
e. Kymograph

In 1949, the “Keeler Polygraph” added a galvamamometer

for recording a psycho-Galvanic Skin Reflex or electrodermal
response.
 Other pioneers in polygraphy


Arthur Mc Donald
Proposed a federal laboratory to study criminal
and suggested the use of apparatus containing all
elements of modern polygraph.

Francis Galton
Developed a much acclaimed psychological test in
1879 whereby a patient is presented with a group of
words sufficiently separated in time to allow the
patient to utter his first thought generated by each
word (Word Association Test)
Hugo Musternberg
Suggested the forensic application of the word
association technique in detecting deception.

John E Reid
Developed the review control question consisting of a
known lie incorporate into relevant/irrelevant test.

Cleve Backster
Developed the Backster Zone comparison and
quantification system of chart analysis.

Richard Ather
First polygraphist to record simultaneously on regular
basis chest and abdominal breathing patterns.
 Definitions of terms

Polygraph

It is an instrument used for the recording changes of
blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, and skin
resistance as indications of emotional disturbance
especially of lying when questioned. Derived from the
two Greek words “Poly” means Many, “Graph” means
writing chart.

Polygraphy
It is the scientific method of detecting deception
(dishonest) with the aid or use of polygraph. It is
administered by asking questions to the subject
pertinent to the case under investigation.
Fear
It is an emotional response to specific danger that
appears
 to beyond a person defensive power.

Stimulus
It is a force or motion reaching the organism and
excise the deceptors. In short, is a force that arouses the
organism or any part to activity.

Reaction
It is an action in mental attitude evoke by external
influence.
Deception
It is an act of deceiving or misleading usually
accompanied
 by lying.

Detection
It is an act of discovery existence, pressure or fact of
something hidden or obscure.

Response
Is any activity or in division of the previous activity
of an organism or as effectors organ, or part of the
organism resulting from stimulation.
Specific Response
It is any deviation (an error) from the normal tracing
of a subject.


Normal Response
It is a tracing on the chart wherein the subject
answered in the irrelevant question.

Polygraph Examiner
Is the one who conduct or administer the test.

Chart or Polygrams
Refers to the composite records of the pneumograph,
galvanograph, and caediosphygmograph tracings
recorded from series of question.
Subject
Refers to a person being examined.

Stress
Is described as physiological response of a body to
any demand to place upon it.

Emotion
Is an acute disturbance of the individual as a whole,
psychological in origin involving behavior conscious
experience, and visceral functioning.
Lying
 Is an uttering or conveying
falsehood or creating a false or
misleading impression with the
intention of affecting wrongfully,
the acts through the opinion or
affection of another.
 Types or Kinds of Lies
White Lies
Protective lies. They lie to have harmonious
relationship.

Malicious Lies or Black Lie

Intent to (conceal) gain-destroy the character. Lie
that intends to deceived others.

Beneficial Lie
Justification. Ex. Medical results.

Deceptive Lies
ex. Senate hearing
 Kinds of liar

01. Professional Liar

02. Pathological Liar –
Persons that the mind is stagnant,
imbecile, moron, idiot, not
qualify
to be a witness.
examples (clues in unmasking a liar)

01. I did not have any relationship with Monica but

instead I
did not have any relationship with other women.
02. If you are a liar you create a situation from morning
to afternoon.
03. Using the word honestly, sincerely
04. I love you is more believable than telling I honestly
love you.
05. The word just and only.
ex: She is just only a friend.
06. Can I talk to you 5 minutes of your time but discuss
more than 5 minutes.
07. Vocal clues
- The pitch, speak, and the volume
- 70% increase with speech when lying
- If a person is telling the truth :
- deliver speech slowly
- relax
- speech lesser
The Three Wise Monkey
 Observation has been practiced by
parents especially the Mothers and has
been dubbed as “Maternal Instinct”

They had unconsciously studied and

memorize facial expressions and postural
reactions of their children since infancy that
they were capable of knowing almost all of
their thinking process and their
accompanying emotional reactions.
Response
Something done in reaction to something else.

 Types of response

01. Internal response

02. External response

Kinds of Internal Response

1. Palpitation of heart maybe rapid or slow

2. Dryness of the mouth
3. Lump in the throat
4. Sinking feeling in the fit of stomach
 Kinds of External Response

1. Facial expression
a. Paling, blushing, profuse sweating on
the
forehead, eyebrows or chin.
b. Twitching at the corner of the lips
c. Excessive winking, movement of the
vein at
the temple.
d. Dilation of the eyes, protrusion of the
eyeball and elevation of the upper eyelid.
02. Postural Reaction

a. Inability of the subject to look straight
in the eye of the investigator.
b. Excessive activity of the Adam’s apple.
c. Dryness of the mouth
d. Fidgeting with the fingers, tapping or
drumming on the chair or table.
e. Peculiar monotone of the voice
f. Exhibiting a state of uneasiness.
 Polygraph
 The term “polygraph” is a composition of two
words, “poly” which means “many” and graph
which means “writing chart”. The name refers to
the manner in which selected physiological
activities are simultaneously recorded. It is
defined as a scientific instrument purposely
defined to record psycho-physiological
changes that occur within the body especially
lying when question.
 Four major components of polygraph
1. Pneumograph Component
- The pneumograph component is use to record the

changes of breathing of the subject.
- It is made up of two (2) units, the pneumograph
chest assembly and the recording unit.
- The pneumograph assembly is composed of the
rubber convoluted (roll or coiled) tube and beaded
chain tubing.
- that pneumograph is attached to the chest area of
the subject and is locked by a beaded chain.
- The pneumograph tube is around 10 inches long;
one end of which is sealed and the other end is
connected to the instrument by a rubber tube
considerably in diameter than the pneumograph
tube itself. The pneumograph convoluted tube expands
and contrasts as the subject breaths.

The pneumograph recording unit is consist of a

frame, brass bellows, crankshaft, centershaft,
adjustable fulcrum (the pivot which the lever turns),
bearing with adjustable screw pen travel, vent limiting
screw, pen cradle and pen centering control volume
changes of the chest caused by the breathing
transmitted by the chest assembly to the recording
unit. These activities the bellows which move forward
and backward pushing the crankshaft. The crankshaft
apply a torque to the centershaft upon which the pen
cradle is attached. The forward and backward
movement is recorded on the chart paper.
Pneumograph Component
Pneumograph Component
02. Galvanograph Component

- The galvanograph component is use to record the


skin resistance to a very small amount of
electricity.
- It is composed of the finger electrode assembly,
amplifier unit, and the galvanometer-recorder
unit.
- The finger electrode connects the subject to the
instrument in such a manner that his skin
resistance
is a circuit element of the polygraph.
- It consist of a finger electrode plate with retainer
bonds and connecting plug.
- The amplifier unit working on the “Wheatstone
 - The recording unit of the galvanoneter
converts


the electrical energy to the mechanical energy.

Electrical current flowing through the
galvanometer causes the mechanical
movement of
a 7-inch recording pen.
-The over all function of the galvanograph is to
detect changes in the skin resistance of the
subject,
amplify this changes and record it on the chart.
Galvanograph Component
 Cardiosphygmograph component

- The cardiosphygmograph component is use to
record the changes of the blood pressure and
pulse
rate of the subject.
- It is composed of the blood pressure cuff assembly,
sphygmomanometer (BP) vent, resonance
control
and recording unit.
- The blood pressure cuff assembly when attached to
the right arm of the subject transmit impulse
from
the brachial artery.
 - The pump bulb assembly inflates the system and a
hose connects the blood pressure cuff through

which the blood pressure changes and passed
into
the recording unit.
- The sphygmomanometer indicates the air pressure
present in the system in millimeters of mercury.
- The vent provides the means by which air in the
system can be released.
- The resonance control provided the means for
reducing or increasing the amount of air
pressure to
reach the tambour (brass bellows) unit and thus
reduce or increase the amplitude of pen
 - A centering control is provided for
 adjusting the tracing so that the
blood pressure pattern would be
on
the guideline.
- The recording unit records the
pulse rate and blood pressure
changes on the chart paper
through a 5 inch recording pen.
Cardiosphygmograph component
04. Keymograph Component

- It is a motor that pulls or drives the chart paper

under the recording pen simultaneously at the
rate of
6 or 12 inches per minute.
- It is also a chart or paper feed mechanism.
- The chart must travel at a uniform speed to
facilitate
valid interpretations.
- The parts composed of the paper well writing table,
paper guide rails, paper roller assembly with
sprockets, chart fees switch, AC power input
connector and all 5 volt GC cycle synchronous
 - Chart paper is driven past the recording pen shaft
at

the uniform speed of 6 inches per minute.
- Chart rolls are about 100 feet holes spaced ½
inches
apart.
- Paper is imprinted with horizontal lines ¼ inch
interval (20 divisions) and vertical lines are 1/10
inch
intervals with heavy lines at ½ inch divisions
across
the paper represents 5 seconds of time.
- Pulse rate per minute may then be computed by
multiplying the number of beats counted in one

 The Theory of Polygraph Examination

The conscious mental effort of a mentally
normal person to lie causes physiological
changes within his body that could be recorded
by the polygraph instrument and diagnosed or
evaluated by the polygraph examiner.
 PRELIMINARY PREPARATION FOR POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION


In order to conduct a satisfactory polygraph

examination, it is necessary for the examiner to obtain
accurate information regarding all the available facts and
circumstances that form the basis for the suspicion or
accusation directed against the person to be examined.
Where the victim or other eye witness to an occurrence is
available, he should be interviewed. Whenever several
investigators the examiner may obtain only a garbled
version of the facts of the case.
 Although the polygraph records themselves will usually
permit a reliable diagnosis of truth deception by a
competent examiner, such can be gained from preliminary

observations of the subject from the time he enters the
examiner’s office or reception room until he is escorted
into the examination room. The recorded observations of a
secretary ore receptionist as to the subject’s general
conduct or behavior while in the waiting room will be very
helpful to the examiner. They will furnish him with the
clue or guide to the most effective handling of the subject,
particularly with regard to his possible resentment ( a
feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill will) toward the test
or other attitude which should be understood and
alleviated (make easier) before the actual administration
of the test.
 Four Phases in Conducting Polygraph Examination

1. Initial interview with the investigator handling the

case

These Includes:
a. Obtaining and evaluation facts
b. determining the areas of the subject need to be
asked.
c. the investigator must furnish the examiner of
the following documents:
* sworn statements of suspect/s, witnesses and
victims complaint
 * incident or spot report
* Background investigation of suspects, witnesses,
and
 victims

* rough sketch or pictures of the crime scene and

other facts such as:
1. specific articles and exact amount of
money stolen.
2. peculiar aspect of the offense or any
strange out.
3. the exact time, date and place of the
offense committed.
4. known facts about the suspect’s
movement.
 5. the facts indicates any connection between the
suspect/s, victims, and witnesses.
6. exact type of weapons, tools or firearms used.

7. results of other laboratory test.
8. unpublished facts of the offense known only by
the victim, suspect/s and the investigator on case.
2. The conduct of pre-test interview (to determine the
condition of the subject if he is ready for the interview)
The examiner interview with the subject prior to the
test is considerable importance both for the purpose of
conditioning the subject for examination and also to
provoke and observe indications of guilt or innocent
which are often forthcoming. The time interval for the
pre-test interview will usually range from 20 to 30
minutes.
 The examiner should not withhold (holdback, refuse
to hand over or share) any information from the subject
about

the instrument, its attachments or recordings.
This will serve to increase a lying subject concern over
possible detection, which, as will subsequently
discussed, is the most important requirement for an
effective examination by means of this techniques.
Conversely, such information will allay (satisfy, lessen
the intensity of fear) whatever apprehension, a truthful
person may have with respect to the physical and from
the instrument attachments.

A completely unbiased and objective approach using

a friendly manner should be used during the pre-
test interview. No approach that could raise anger in the
part of the subject or examinee should be used. For this
reason,
 no accusatory approach should be made. The
best source of information about the subject’s behavior
is usually the subject himself.

During pre-test interview, the examiner should

ascertain whether or not the subject is physically
uncomfortable, either because of the temperature in the
examination room or because of such factors as need to
use toilet facilities. Some subject ad particularly the
truthful ones, are reluctant (unwilling) to request a
temperature change or to request the use of toilet
facilities, as a result of which they may be
uncomfortable throughout the test. Any discomfort of
this type may materially effect the accuracy of the test.

The preliminary purpose of the pre-test interview is to
prepare the subject for the test.

Preparation of the subject for the test

1. The appraisal (to give value) of subject’s
constitutional rights.
2. Obtain subject’s consent to undergo polygraph test.
3. The taking of the personal data of the subject.
4. Determine his/her suitability as a subject.
5. Evaluating the psychological preparations.
6. Informing the subject of his involvement with the
case
3. The conduct of instrumental test with the subject

 After the pre-test interview the examiner should

proceed to place the attachment of polygraph
components to the subject; such as: the pneumograph,
cardiosphygmograph, and galvanograph components.
Review all the questions being prepared with the subject
and determine his answer for every question asked.
Questions of the subject about the instrument should be
answered briefly as possible, should examiner should
discourage any lengthy comments or statements by the
subject respecting the matter or incident under
investigation or his disclaimer of responsibility for it.
Test instruction must be given to the subject . Any
movement of the body of the subject during the test will
affect
 the tracing results on the chart paper. The answer
of the subject of all questions is limited by Yes or No, in
order to avoid distortion (misrepresentation, to give a
false significance) tracing on the chart.

4. Post Test Interviews/Interrogation

This phase includes or consideration that bear on the
examination just after the instrument is turn off. If the
polygraph test indicates deception the examiner will then
proceed to conduct short interrogation. The purpose of
which is to obtain confession. However, if the
polygraph indicated the subject is innocent, the examiner
just
 release the subject cordially (in a heartly manner)
and thank for his cooperation. If the subject is
cooperative, just say “thank you for your cooperation”.

Ideal Examination Room

1. It must be spacious for two persons.
2. It must be well ventilated.
3. It must be well lighted.
4. It must not be decorated.
5. It must be 90% sound proof.
 Conditions of the Subject to be Considered Fit during
the Test (it is examined by the laboratory doctor will

establish whether the subject is fit or not)

1. The subject must have a good night sleep prior to the

test at least five hours.
2. The subject must refrain from smoking for at least
two hours prior to the test.
3. The subject must not be interrogated for a prolong
period prior to the test.
4. The subject must be free from any physical abuse.
5. The subject must refrain from the use of alcohol,
sedatives, prohibited drugs, and other cold syrups or
capsules for at least 12 hours prior to the test.
6. The subject must not be hungry.
7. The subject must not be suffering from any temporary
illness
 such as: fever, severe cold and cough, allergy,
stomachache, toothache, open wound ad the like.
8. The subject must not be highly and emotionally
nervous.
9. The female subject must be free from menstrual cycle.
(28 days normal monthly period).
10. The subject must not be sexually abuse.

Inform the Constitutional Rights of the Subject Prior to

the test (Art. III, Sec. 12, 1987 Constitution)
1. He has the right to remain silent.
2. He has the right to have a competent and independent
counsel preferably of his own choice.
3.He has the right against self-incrimination (an
accusation that you are responsible for some lapses or
misdeed).
4. He has the right to refuse, anything he can say can be
used as evidence in favor or against him in any Court of
Justice in the Philippines.

Limitations of Polygraph
1. It is an invariable (not liable to or capable of change)
investigative aid but never a substitute for an
investigation.
2. It is not only a lie detector but also a scientific
diagnostic instrument.
3.It does not determine (to find out) facts but it’s
diagnostic reaction.
4. It is an accurate as the examiner is competent
(qualified)
5. It record responses which the subject knows to be
truth.
6. The test will not be given until enough facts of the
case have been established to permit a examiner to
prepare a complete sets of suitable questions.
7. A test will not be given without voluntary consent of
the subject.
8. No indication will be given to any person or place in
any report that a person will be considered guilty
because
 he refuse to take the test.
9. A test will not be given until the accusation have been
explained to the subject.
10. No attempt to use polygraph for mental or physical
evaluation of any person.
11. No examination can be conducted to an unfit subject.

Moral (character in good behavior) Qualities of a

Polygraph Examiner
1. He must be free of prejudice (unbiased, opinion or
feeling for against something, unfairly or unreasonably.
2. He must have the sincere desire to become a polygraph
examiner.
3.He must devote himself to the polygraph profession by
maintaining a highly personality, integrity and by
increasing his personal proficiency (skilled, expert) thru
constant study and research.
4. He must always conduct an examination in a
professional (very high standard) and ethical manner
(concerning morals).
5. He must always remember that he is an impartial (not
favoring one person, showing lack of favoritism) seeker
of truth.
6. He must not let his personal feeling, sympathies (a
feeling of pity or sorrow for a person in trouble.)
7.He must be of a good moral character.
8. He must be decently dress.

Technical Qualifications of a Polygraph Examiner

1. He must be good in the instrument, capabilities, and
limitation.
2. He must have a complete knowledge to a modern
instrument.
3. He must be proficient (skill) in the conduct of
polygraph examination, test construction, and chart
interpretation.
Principal Uses of Polygraph
1. It is an aid to the investigator.
2. It speeds the process of investigation.
3. It eliminates innocent subject
4. The investigator could concentrate to one subject to
determine the truth of deception.

Four Basic Tracing of a Modern Polygraph

1. Thorasic breathing pattern of respiration
2. Abdominal breathing pattern of respiration
3. Galvanic skin response (finger electrode)
4. Cardiosphygmograph tracing ( cuff right arm).
 Pneumograph Changes from the individual’s norm
which may be considered indicative of deception:

1. Respiratory block
2. Staircase suppression
3. Deep breathing
4. Swallow breathing suppression
5. Change in baseline
6. Loss of baseline
7. Notched or serrated (make a saw tooth or jag the
edge) inhalation or exhalation
8. Change in inhalation-exhalation ratio
9. Change in amplitude (greatness of
magnitude/extent)or volume
What is Polygraph Examination
It is a series of test conducted with the person who is
involved

in the commission of the crime, referred to the
Polygraph Division and the formulation of questions is
answerable by Yes or No.

Objectives (the goal intended to be attained) of

Polygraph Examination
1. Ascertain (to find out) if the subject is telling the
truth.
2. Compare conflicting statements.
3. Verify statements.
4. Obtain leads of the facts of the offense, location of
stolen items and whereabout of wanted perons.
5. Obtain the facts after the test indicates that a person
lied or tried to cover what he knew.

Purpose (intend; what something is used for) of
Polygraph Examination
To determine whether the subject is telling the truth
or not.

Importance of Polygraph Examination

To identify the perpetrator or lying subject and to
eliminate the innocent one.
 Theory of Polygraph Test

When a mentally normal person tells a lie,
physiological changes occur within his/her body that
could be recorded by a polygraph machine and evaluated
by the polygraph examiner.
Reason Why result of Polygraph Examination is not
Conclusive (final ad deciding; putting an end to doubt or
question.

1. The examiner is incompetent (not good enough).
2. No standard of instrument used.
3. Different method of questions prepared.

Legal Aspects of Polygraph

polygraph examiner’s opinion, analysis, and
interpretation of the chart generally are not
acceptable as evidence particularly if standing alone.
The examiner may however testifies in the voluntaries
of any statement, admission or confession obtained
after as individual agreed to the test.
 Polygraph and expertise testimonies relating thereto
can be admissible upon stipulation ( an agreement) to
corroborate
 (to support) with other evidences of
defendants participation in crime charged or to
corroborate to impeach of his own testimony under the
following conditions:

A. The counsel of both parties and the subject all have

sign written stipulation providing for his admission
to the graph and examiner’s opinion thereon in
behalf or either the defendant or the state.
B. That the admissibility of test result is subject to the
discretion of the trial judge, if the trial judge is not
convinced that the examiner is not qualify or the test
was conducted under improper condition, the judge may
refuse to accept such as evidences.
C. That if the graph and the examiner’s opinion are
offered in evidence, the opposing party shall have the
right to cross examine the examiner respecting the
following:
1. The examiner’s qualification and training.
2. The condition under which the test is administered.
3. At the discretion of the trial judge, any other matter
deem pertinent to the inquiry.
4. The limitation and possibilities for error in the
technique.
5. That if such evidence as admitted, the examiner’s
testimony does not tend to prove any element of the
crime that which a defendant is charge. That test is only
toindicate that at the time of the examination subject
was not telling the truth. It is the trial judge who will
determine the weight and effect of such testimony.

Test Question

The phraseology (the manner of putting words and

phrases together to express oneself) of the test question
is an extremely important aspect of the examination.
The questions, and every word used in the questions,
must be unambiguous(exhibiting a single clearly
defined meaning), unequivocal (having only one
meaning), and thoroughly understandable by the
subject. For instance, in a rape or bastardy (illegitimate
child)
 case, if the subject is uneducated and knows only
one word or expressions that are crude (not careful)
equivalent for “sexual intercourse” they should be used
in the test questions. Likewise, if the sex act under
investigation is one fellatio (oral stimulation of the
penis), it will be futile (producing no result or effect) ,
when testing a person unfamiliar with the meaning of
the word, to label the act in any other way than common
place terminology.

The questions must be stated as simply as possible,

and with a complete avoidance of such double inquiries
as: “Did you shoot him and then run into the house?” or
“did you hit him or steal his money?” which combines
two
 sets of facts or occurrences, one of which might
truthfully be answered by “Yes” and the other by “No”.

All questions must have only a single, unambiguous

meaning. For example where the victim of a crime is a
woman whose name is Mary and a male acquaintance is
to be tested, the woman’s full name or other specific
identification should be used in the question. Otherwise,
it loses its full impact, and it also affords the subject an
opportunity to concentrate on some other woman named
“Mary” when the relevant question is asked. An
additional illustration of the need
for specificity maybe found in a case where a husband,
accused of striking his wife Helen, but that facts is
known
 to the examiner. When the husband is tested and
asked: “did you strike Helen?” he may be thinking of
an occasion when he struck his wife Helen, which
through process would produce a false indication of
deception with respect to his denial of his wife’s
accusation. This pitfall (unexpected difficulty) may be
avoided by phrasing the question:”did you strike your
wife Helen?”

There should be an avoidance of lengthy questions.

The time consumed in asking a long question minimize
the impact it should have upon a
a lying subject. A long question also can be a confusing
one, and this, too, can result in a loss of impact on a
lying
 subject; furthermore, it can result in disturbed
reaction on the part of a truth-telling person. When
however, a lengthy question is needed in order to convey
(transmit) a full and complete meaning it should be read
to and clearly explained to the subject prior to the test,
at which time he should be advised that a shorten
version of the question is: “did you shoot Marilyn
Ridgeway in the bathroom of an apartment at 2132 East
Superior Street in Chicago?” the subject should be so
informed, but told that on the test will be merely: “did
you shoot Marilyn Ridgeway?”.
 Words like murder, rape, and embezzlement (taking
of money entrusted to a person) should not be used in
test
 questions because they are not sufficiently precise
(exact) in meaning. Instead of murder, words such as
shoot or stab should be used. For rape, the term forced
to have sexual intercourse or willingly have sexual
intercourse is more accurately descriptive of the
questioned event and also devoid (completely lacking) of
legal connotation (an idea that is suggested). The same
advantages are possessed by the word steal over the word
embezzle. In fact, in most case situations a descriptive
expression on the event is much more desirable in a test
question that a single word which only generally
describe the crime itself. It has been out experience that
the perpetrators of criminal offenses may have
sufficiently rationalized(employ logic or reason) their
conduct
 so that to them their act of killing is not murder,
their excessive persuasion (personal belief) not rape, and
their stealing of money while working for an inadequate
salary not embezzlement.

Limiting Scope of Questions

The relevant test questions used in any examination
should be confined to a single case investigation. The
Polygraph technique is not effective for simultaneous
testing regarding two or more unrelated occurrences.
Moreover, there is a severe
limitation as to the issues that may be explored even with
regard to a single incident. The psychological
explanation
 for this is the fact that between one incident
or issue and another incident or issue, a subject who is
lying as to both may have so much greater concern for
the one than for the other that there will be very little or
perhaps no physiological reaction when questioned
about the other incident or issue. In consequences, there
would be the risk of reporting him as telling the truth
about the other incident when in fact he had lied about
both of them.
Types of Test
1. General Question Test
 It is a question consist of a series of relevant and
irrelevant questions ask in a plan order. In general,
questions are so arrange as to make answer by Yes or
No and in order to compare the subject’s response
between relevant questions and control questions.
This is about the case on hand.
2. Peak of Tension test
It is the process of questioning with the subject by
choosing the number given by the examiner in order
to determine whether there is a reaction on the chart
tracing. This test is only made possible when there is
no widespread publicity about the crime where intimate
details as to the method of the commission of the crime
or certain facts of the case which is only known by the
perpetrator aside from the victim and investigator.
Question formulated are similar in nature and
construction, only one of which is true and the
perpetrator who would naturally be in possession of such
unpublished knowledge will exhibit reaction to the
dangerous questions and rise in a tracing up to the
particular question followed by decline. Thereafter
caused by the relief or knowing that rigid (very strict) or
dangerous question to his well being is fast. Answerable
by No only.(intimate-to give information)
Example of peak of tension test:
Alleged qualified theft case
Amount
 of check missing P50,000.00 (already encashed
at the bank). Suspect is Pedro.
1. Do you know the amount of the check which was
forged is P300?
2. Do you know the amount of the check which was
forged is P5,000?
3. Do you know the amount of the check which was
forged is P9,000?
4. Do you know the amount of the check which was
forged is P50,000?
5. Do you know the amount of the check which was
forged is P20,000?
6. Do you know the amount of the check which was
forged is P10,000?
7. . Do you know the amount of the check which was
forged is P45,000?

Remember:
Pertinent pieces of information exist which is
known to the victim, investigator and examiner.

The examiner and investigator does not know any

pertinent pieces of information.
 or the position of crucial question.

 or you can fabricate any fictional name.

Types of Questions
1. Irrelevant question – a question to the subject known
to be truth and that he cannot be denied and
answerable by Yes. These are questions that had
nothing to do with the case under investigation.
2. Relevant question – a question pertaining to the facts
of the case under investigation and answerable by
No. These are questions that had relationship to the
case under investigation.
Relevant Questions
a. Weak relevant question – it’s concerns with the
secondary elements of the offense or crime and deals
mostly on guilty knowledge and partial involvement
ex: Between 10:00 to 12:00 mn, 10 May 2002 did you
enter the room of Miss Perlie Shell?

b. Strong relevant – it is a verbal stimulus of primary

importance projected in a form of question which
overcomes the psychological excitement, level and
causes the 3 major components tracing change from the
subjects physiological norm.
Ex: Were you the one who sexually abuse Miss Perlie
Shell last 10 May 2002.

c. Evidence Connecting Relevant – it is designed to
stimulate the lying subject and focus his attention on the
probability of incriminating proof that would tend to
established his guilt.(incriminate-show the involvement
Of someone in a crime)

In formulating the question, the examiner must

secure information from the investigator as to whether
or not fingerprints, footprints, tools or other evidence
were collected from the crime scene.
Ex: Were the red lighter left inside the master bedroom
of Miss Perlie Shell, yours?


d. Knowledge relevant
It is designed to probe whether the subject possesses
information regarding the identity of the offender.
Ex: Do you know the person who sexually abuse Miss
Perlie Shell last 10 may 2002.

e. Primary Control question

It is designed to produce a response in the innocent
subject and serve as a basis for evaluating the
subject’s perceptual ( relating to the act of perceiving)
set.

This question must be answerable by “NO” only.
They are unrelated to the matters under investigation
but are of similar in nature though less serious and
questions to which the subject were asked will in all
probability will lie or at least his answer will give him
some concern with respect to their truth or accuracy.
Ex: Before reaching the age of 27 years old, have you
ever experience any unnatural sexual act?

f. Secondary Control Question

Deals only with the present activity of the subject.
General Rules in the Formulation of Questions
Questions are formulated from information applied by
investigator,
 based from the statement given by the
witnesses, complainant and the subject himself. The
following rules should be followed in the formulation of
questions:
1. Question must be simple and direct.
2. Must not involve legal terminology, such as rape,
murder, assault, and etc.
3. Must be answerable by yes or no.
4. Must be short as possible.
5. The meaning must be cleared and unmistakable
phrase in a language the subject can be easily
understood.
6. Must not be in the form of an accusation (but in the
form or inquiry).
7. Question must never contain inference (to judge from
facts or evidence) which pre-supposses (take for
granted) knowledge on the part of the subject.
8. All questions must refer to one offense only.
9. All questions must refer to only one element of an
offense.
10. Must not contain inference to one’s religion, race or
belief.
Test Procedure
A. The polygraph test consist of asking the subject who
 is attached to the instrument through the

transducer (an electrical device that converts one

form of energy to another). A list of prepared
questions in a planned sequence; comprising of not
more than twelve. At least three set charts are taken,
each lasting no more than four minutes with a rest of
five to ten minutes between charts.
B. Polygraph test employed varies (nagbabago) slightly
with the person tested.
General Question Test Sequence of Question
1. Irrelevant question - yes
2. Irrelevant question - yes
3. Relevant question - no
4. Irrelevant question - yes
5. Relevant question - no
6. Relevant question - no
7. Irrelevant question - yes
8. Relevant question - no
9. Relevant question - no
10. Relevant question - no
Example of General question test
1. Is your name Pedro? - IQ
2. Do you know it’s Monday today? - IQ
3. *Did you open the table drawer of CINSP Juan Dela
Cruz last 25 January 2009? – WRQ
* Regarding the lost of 9mm firearm of CINSP Juan
Dela Cruz, do you have anything to do with it? –
WRQ
4. Are you sitting down now? – IQ
5. Were you the one who stole the missing 9mm issued
firearm of CINSP Juan Dela Cruz? – SRQ
6. Before reaching the age of 25 years old, have you ever
stolen anything? – (PCQ).
7. Are you a member of PNP? – IQ
8. *Do you know the where about of the missing 9mm
issued

firearm of CINSP Juan Dela Cruz. – ECR
*Were you benefited in any manner with the lost of
9mm issued firearm of CINSP Juan Dela Cruz.
10. Have you ever stolen anything from your present
assignment? - SCQ

Psychological Test – no relevance to the facts of the case.

To determine if the subject is normal. Even number is
answerable by no.

Formulating Actual Questions

With respect to the formulation of the actual test
questions, the use of hypothetical (based on hypothesis-a
concept that is not yet been verified-) case situation may
serve

best to illustrate the procedure which we
recommend.

Assume that the subject to be tested is Joe “Red”

Blake, and that he is suspected of the murder last
Saturday night of John Jones during the course of an
armed robbery in which Jones, valuable was taken from
him, it is further assumed that (a) Blake knows the
identity of the victim as John Jones. And (b) the
investigation revealed footprints at the scene which
reasonably appear to have been made by the robber
while hiding in wait for his victim.
 The examiner tells the subject that on the test he will
be asked: :Did you shoot John Jones?” At this point the
examiner
 writes out the questions on a sheet of paper
which will ultimately contain all the questions to be
asked during the test.

Next, the subject is told that he will be asked: “Did

you steal John Jone’s watch last Saturday night?

The subject is then informed that he will asked: John

Jones?

A question about the footprints at the crime scene

should then be formulated. It may read “ Were those
your footprints near John Jones body?” This is an
evidence

connecting question which has been found to
be very valuable by reason of facts that it is sometimes
more disturbing to a lying subject, because of the greater
incriminating significance of such evidence, than the
general issue of the actual robbery and shooting,
regarding which there may be no direct evidence
connection. On the other hand, an evidence connecting
question of this nature is of no significance (meaning or
importance) to a truth telling subject.

At this point near the end of pre-test interview and

the preparation of the test question, the examiner will
ask to develop a control question about an act of wrong
doing of the same general nature as the main incident
under
 investigation, and one to which the subject, in all
probability, will lie or to which his answer will be
dubious (not convince) validity in his own mind. Since
robbery is a form of stealing, a good question to start
with in the pre-test interview, as the examiner begins his
search for the most effective control question, is: “Did
you ever steal anything else?”

After the test question have been prepared, each one

should be read to the subject, and he should be asked if
he fully understands them. He should then be
Advised that only these questions, and no others, will be
asked during the test.

In our hypothetical case, therefore, the test questions
would be as follows:
1. Have you been called Red?
2. Are you in Chicago (or other city) now?
3. Did you steal John Jones watch last Saturday night?
4. Are you over 21 years of age?
5. Did you shoot John Jones last Saturday night?
6. Did you ever steal anything else?
7. Did you ever go to school?
8. Were those your footprints near John Jones body?
9. Do you know for sure who shot John Jones?
10. Did you ever steal anything from a place where you
worked?


Card Test
Immediately upon completion of the first test, and
with the blood pressure cuff still deflated (to let gas out),
the examiner then tells the subject: “Here’s another part
of the test” where upon the examiner shows him seven
variously numbered cards, face down, and he is
instructed to take one, look at it and put it back in the
group without showing it to the examiner or otherwise
identifying the number. And the examiner should watch
the subject to be sure he actually looks at the number.
 After the selection is made, the examiner proceeds to
shuffle the cards and instruct the subject to answer
“No”

to each question concerning the cards, even when
asked the number of the card he selected. In other
words, the subject’s answer to one of the questions will
be a lie.

During the examiner calls off each card as part of

the question: Did you pick number ____?

The card test is conducted in much the same manner

as the regular test, with the time intervals of about 15
seconds between each question.
 After the subject has answered the chosen card
question, which should be about the third or fourth card
asked,
 only one or more of the unchosen card question
should be asked, after which the examiner should repeat
the chosen card question. This will serve the purpose of
a further check as to the possible deliberation of any
distortions which may have appeared previously in the
tracing when the chosen card question was asked.

If no distortion of the tracings has appeared on the

chart on the chosen card question was asked the second
time, the card test should be terminated, however, if the
subject indulge (yield; to allow to do) in any efforts
to distort the tracings when the chosen card question
was asked either the first or the second time, the
examiner

should ask one other unchosen card question
and then repeat for the third time, the chosen card
question.

Whenever the subject says “Yes” to his chosen card,

this either indicates that the examiner’s pre-test
instruction was unclear or that the subject purposely
fully answered “Yes” in an effort to whatever objective
the subject thought the examiner had in mind with
respect to the card test. The examiner should then
inform the subject that a second card test will be
conducted and from the same set of cards he is
instructed to again pick a card. Then he should be very
clearly informed that on the next text he must say “No”
toeach and every question. He should also be told that if
he picked the same card as before he should discard (cast
away)it and select another one. A second card test is then
conducted.

Upon completion of the card test the examiner should

deflate the blood pressure cuff, stop the polygraph motor,
and inform the subject of the selected card. Then,
following the subject’s acknowledgement of the selection,
the examiner should say: “Now i know you’re responsive
to this test”. I’m now going out of the room for a few
minutes to allow your arm rest. While i’m gone, think of
the questions i asked you on the first test, and if there are
any questions about which you have not told the truth, or
if you
 wish to make an explanation about any of them,
tell me about it when I return ad before i ask you those
same questions again on the next test.

As will be explained later, in detail, the main value of

the card test is: a) to stimulant lying subjects into specific
responsiveness to the subsequent (following in time or
order) relevant questions, by reasons of this
demonstrated efficacy (capacity or power to produce a
desired effect) and accuracy of the Polygraph technique
with respect to the card test; b) to assure truthful subjects
of the techniques dependability and stimulate (cause to
act) concern about the answer that will be given to the
control

question n the next test; and c) to afford a lying
subject the opportunity to try to distort the Polygraph
tracings and thereby expose his deception with respect
to the matter under investigation.

Yes Test
In instances where the mixed question test does not
adequately reveal the subject’s truthfulness or
deception, he should be given a “Yes” test as the fifth
and final test during the original examination. The
“Yes” test is conducted by instructing the subject to say
“yes” to all the questions now to be asked, including
those pertaining to the matter under investigation. On
such a test, lying subject will often attempt to distort the
tracing

in an effort to make their “Yes” answer look
like lies.

Chart Marking
Through the proper use of test graph marking will
be able to evaluate the result of polygraph chart and
without marking it is impossible to evaluate the chart or
to arrive at any conclusion. The tracing have no
meaning unless you know what occurred at this point
throughout the chart. Standardize chart even do were
not present when the chart ran could still evaluated by
the examiner.
Chart Marking symbols ad Signs
1. X/60 (blood pressure)/1.5 (electric current) A – first
 markings of the examiner on the chart.
2. XX/60/1.5 A – examiner’s mark after the test.
3. X – beginning or start of the test or symbol that
signify that the test has begun.
4. XX – ending or end of the test.
5. 60 – millimeter of mercury shown in
sphygmamometer dial.
6. 1.5 – ohms (a unit of electrical resistance) of skin
electrical resistance sensitivity.
7. A or M – refers to the automatic or manual galvo
amplifier used.
8. / / - stimulus (acts to arouse action) or particular
point where each question begins and end (also called
stimulus
 mark)
9. + - yes answer to question
10. - - no answer to question
11. No sign – subject fail to answer
12. M – movement
13. T – subject talked instead of answering with single
Yes or No.
14. R – subject request for repetition of question
15. C – coughing
16. OSN or N – outside noise or noise
17. S – sigh by the subject
18. L – subject laugh
19. Y – yawn
20.
 B – burp or used to signify belch (expel gas from the
stomach).
21. C+ - increase in galvo sensitivity.
22. C- - decrease in galvo sensitivity
23. PJ – paper jump
24. CT – subject clearing of throat.
25. SN – sniffed by the subject
26. BI – breathing instruction
27. OS – tracing change caused by outside stimulus
28. IM – movement instruction
29. IS – ink stop
30. M – movement
31. TI – talking instruction
32.
 -> (arrow) – mechanical adjustment
33. DB – deep breathing

To facilitate (pagaanin) evaluation, and

interpretation of the chart, marking are made with the
use of symbols and signs to enable the examiner to
determine the following:

1. Exact time the test commenced and terminated.

2. Initial and final blood pressure and galvanograph
breathing.
3. Particular point where each question ask started and
ended corresponding identification type and time of the
answer
 given by subject.
4. Any instruction given or repetition of question made.
5. Duration (tagal) in amplitude (haba,lawak) of
reaction pattern.
6. Mechanical adjustment or readjustment made.
7. Any movement, cough, talking by the subject or
outside instruction that occurred.
8. Time interval repeated question.
9. Extremeneous factor effecting test chart paper jump.
10. Chart number, name of subject, time and date.
Chart Interpretation
The most important single factor in polygraph
testing

is chart interpretation. The accuracy of
instrumental detection of deception is dependent upon
the examiner ability to diagnose truth or deception by
reading and interpreting a subject chart.

General Rule of Chart Interpretation

1. There must be a specific response, it must form from the
norm of the subject.
2. It must appear in at least two or more chart. The best
indications of deception is the simultaneous appearance of
specific responses in the pneumograph,
cardiosphygmograph, and galvanograph tracing on the
chart.
Responsibility of Polygraph Examiner to the Subject
1. A polygraph examiner as the facts that his primarily

responsibility must be to the person who has
voluntarily submitted himself to the polygraph
examination.
2. He should never conduct examination on a person
without first advicing to the subject of his
constitutional rights.
3. He should never conduct an examination in any
person unless the instrument utilizes is in good
working condition and makes a permanent
simultaneous recording on a moving chart of at least
two physiological tracing cardiovascular ore
respiratory tracing.
4. He should never render a conclusive verbal or written
opinion based on the chart analysis having
administered
 at least two or more charts.
5. He should not offer testimony concerning the chart or
conclusion presented by other examiner unless he
is thoroughly familiar with the techniques and
procedures employed.

Responsibility of Investigator to the Examiner

In seeking polygraph assistance the investigator must
always consult first the examiner on the need of the test,
selection of subject and appropriate schedule for the test,
he must also :
1. Do not wait until the last minute, after all
investigation method and techniques have failed, the
 test should never be used as a last resort.
2. Do not ask to test and hold evidence submitted in the
report. This is a display of doubt as to his
investigative finding of guilt on the part of the
accused such about always accrue (come into the
possession of) to the benefit of the accused in a
numerous instances the opinion of the examiner is
accepted by the court in favor of the defense rather
in the prosecution.
3. Do not depend on mass screening of possible suspect
to produce the quality party except will know a
 reasonable amount of investigation to produce a
suspect or materially narrow down the number of
possible
 suspect.
4. Do not stop the investigation when polygraph test is
deferred (hold back to a later time) or temporary
delayed.
5. Do not think that investigation is over if the test
indicate that the subject lie in the test. Evidence and
testimonies should be gathered to prove the facts of
the offense and the allegation against the subject.
6. Do not use the polygraph as a bluff, ruse ( a deceptive
maneuver, especially to avoid capture) to serve
confession or admission.
7. Never tell anyone that the polygraph will decide
whether the subject or suspect is innocent or guilty, the
court
 makes that decision.
8. Do not fail to investigate the case for seeking
assistance of polygraph case. The examination does
not established whether the crime has been
committed or not.
9. Observe or at least be available during every
polygraph examination.
10. Do not be afraid to say i do not know to the examiner
and ever misled or deceit the examiner.
Responsibilities of Investigator to the Subject
1. Learn enough about the polygraph so that he can
 talk openly and freely to the person about the test.

The subject may know very little or may have been

misinformed.
2. Do not reveal the test of the offense which may be
utilized in the application of Peak of Tension Test.
3. Suggest that the test as a means for the subject to
indicate his innocent.
4. Stress the test capability for indicating thru the
recorded responses whether a person is telling the
truth.
5. Avoid a claim for the instrument or examiner that is
not backed up by the facts.

 The End
