• Critical reading means that a 

reader applies
certain processes, models, questions, and
theories that result in enhanced clarity and
comprehension. There is more involved, both
in effort and understanding, in a critical
reading than in a mere "skimming" of the text.
What is the difference?
• Claim of Fact, Value, & Policy - COMSTD 72 Log
ic & Argumentation - Research Guides at Chaff
ey College
• Claim of Fact, Value or Policy:  Statistics, surveys and studies out of
academic journals (written by experts in the field) found in Library Databases
provide credible resources to support a program, initiative or policy claim.
• Claim of Fact:  Asserts that a condition has existed, exists, or will exist. To
support a claim of fact, use factual evidence that is sufficient, reliable, and
appropriate.
• Claim of Value:  Makes a judgment by expressing approval or disapproval,
attempting to prove that some action, belief or condition is right or wrong,
good or bad, beautiful or ugly, worthwhile or undesirable. Value claims
about morality express judgments about the rightness or wrongness of
conduct or belief.
• Claim of Policy:  Claims of policy or solutions propose and promote policies
and solutions based on changing an existing policy that is either inadequate
for dealing with a bad situation or conducive to its perpetuation.
• 5 examples of claims of fact:
• Students' in China are the best reader among Asian
countries.
• The devastation experienced by the Philippines during
Typhoon Yolanda shows the readiness of disaster relief
protocols established by the government.
• Filipinos are still believed in the assumption, that
womans' role in life is to clean and take care households.
• All man are created by God as an equal creation.
• Cancer is a very common but is not contagious.
Claims Of Facts - Meaning And Exa
mples Of "Claims Of Facts" (philne
•ws.ph)
What Are Claims Of Facts? (Answers)
• CLAIMS OF FACTS – A Claim of Fact are pieces
of important information which come from
reliable and legitimate sources.
• Additionally, this sort of information can be
verified no matter how difficult it is through
data. In this article, we are going to learn about
examples of these and explain why they are
examples of claims of facts.
• Cancer is a common disease but it is not contagious.
• You could be called Filipino even if you’re not born in the
Philippines.
• The Philippine Eagle is a critically endangered species.
• Social distancing is important during the coronavirus pandemic.
• Pandemic level diseases all come from viruses found in wildlife.
• The claims above can be defended and refuted based on data
which can be easily accessible. Furthermore, specific events or
incidents may be used to prove the existence or non-existence
of the claims.
• Additionally, there are two other types of claims:
• Claim of Value
– are pieces of information that are focused on
relative judgment such as goodness or badness, and
these are usually addressed based on standards.
• Claim of Policy
– are specific statements on procedures or laws that
need to be modified based on certain issues or
conditions.  claims of policy ask for plans of action
to solve current problems most of the time.
What Are Some Examples of Claim
of
•
Value? (reference.com)
Some examples of a claim of value would be saying that something
is immoral, claiming something is wrong, or stating that something
is worse or better than something else. A claim of value is a
statement in which something is lauded as good or decried as bad.
• A claim of value is not based on factual information the way a claim
of fact is. Rather, it is based on opinion. Morality or the “goodness” or
“evil” of a thing cannot be quantified or measured, meaning that
assertions to that effect cannot be based on data.
• Typically, claims of value survive by consensus, with the majority of a
population agreeing that certain acts, behaviors or items are either
“good” and should be kept or “bad” and should be discarded.
3 Types Of Claims for Proof With Examples -
EnglishBix
• 3 Types Of Claims for Proof With Examples
• Leave a Comment / Uncategorized / By Admin
• Let’s learn about different types of claims.
• 1. Claims of Fact
• Definition: Claims of fact center on debates about
subjects we believe to be objectively true or untrue.
These types of claims should be empirically disputable.
It is basically an existence of facts about the past present
and future.
• Types of factual claims (generally “objective”) 
• 1. Factual/historical 
• 2. Relational – causal connections 
• 3. Predictive proof requires: 
• The proof required for Claim Of Fact:
• 1. sufficient and appropriate grounds 
• 2. reliable authority 
• 3. recent data 
• 4. accurate, typical data 
• 5. clearly defined terms -no loaded language 
• Examples include:
• Global warming is a human?caused
phenomenon.
• • Women are as effective as men in combat.
• • The 1950s were a time of racial and gender
harmony in the United States.
 The proof required in Claim Of Value:
• 2. Claims of Value
• Definition: Claims of value evaluate the inherent
goodness or morality of an event and the value
systems by which we should make decisions. 
• The proof required in Claim Of Value:
• 1. Establishing standards of evaluation (i.e. a
warrant that defines what constitutes instances
of the relevant value) 
• 2. note the priority of the value in this instance. 
• 3. Establish the advantage (practical or moral) of your standards. 
• 4. Use examples to clarify abstract values 
• 5. Use credible authorities for support. 
• Examples include:
• • Euthanasia is an affront to God.
• • The dancing that occurs in high schools leads to immoral behavior.
• • Democracies are the only legitimate form of government.

• 3. Claims of Policy
• Definition: Claims of policy address the course of action we should take, the policies we should adopt, and the way that we attempt to
solve problems. 
• The proof required in Claim Of Policy:
• 1. Making proposed action clear 
• 2. need (justification) 
• 3. plan, (must be workable) 
• 4. benefit (advantages) 
• 5. consider opposition/counter arguments
• Examples include:
• • The state of Texas should secede from the United States.
• • The United States should adopt a Canadian?style universal healthcare system.
• • We should dismantle prisons and spend our resources on education.
Claims of Policy - Writing Argument
s
• Claims of policy are arguments that urge action. Typically, a claim of policy ends up as a relatively straightforward
proposition—“X should be done”, but a lot of different paths might need to be taken to reach that kind of conclusion.

Overview:

A basic policy claim is an argument that something should or should not be done. For example, arguing that
marijuana should be legalized or that a friend should try a new food are both claims of policy. Because policy claims
argue for an action, they imply a value claim—that taking the recommended action is better than not taking it. This,
in turn, means that claims of fact and definition become involved. Consequently, policy claims are some of the most
complex arguments that exist.

Many academic policy arguments put forward a specific problem, and they then solve that problem with a course of
action (i.e. you should do X because it makes Y better). Such arguments have an additional level of complexity,
because they require that writers prove that the solution actually works.

Because policy arguments actually ask people to act in the real world, they frequently depend upon whether or not
things ‘work’ in the same way that the author claims. In other words, they must make use of logos in order to
demonstrate that they have validity.

Application:
•
College students frequently write policy arguments. Typically, a policy argument at the college level involves grappling with
a single issue or justifying a single course of action. This argument must then be placed into a meaningful context. The
student has to argue that the relative merits of the policy outweigh the relative costs.

It might be possible to reduce the problem of shoplifting rather dramatically, for example, if all shoplifters are simply
executed. Are the merits of this approach worth the costs? The answer will vary from reader to reader, and a student’s
essay on the subject would have to consider how readers will weigh the implications of such a policy.

Finally, policy arguments need to identify who has the power to take meaningful action in a situation. They must then
make an argument that suggests why those with the power should, in fact, take the action.

What to Avoid:

One of the biggest reasons policy arguments fall apart is that they fail to distinguish between doing something and doing
something that matters. Students should avoid thinking that all solutions are created equal. Sometimes, a supposed
solution actually just makes things worse (e.g. the fabled ‘I’ll help you deal with your stubbed toe by hitting you with a
hammer – chances are you aren’t worried about the toe anymore, even if nothing is improved).

Another reason that policy arguments fall apart is that they fail to identify an entity (an agent) that could take the desired
action. A simple, personal argument (eat less and exercise) at least attempts to convince individual readers to take action.
However, an argument about lowering tuition or gas prices has no clear person or group who is supposed to do the
lowering.