Fabrication and Performance Analysis of PVA/PVC Composite Membrane To Remove Total Dissolved Solids From Liming/unhairing Wastewater

Fabrication and performance analysis of PVA/PVC composite membrane
to remove total dissolved solids from liming/unhairing wastewater.
Presented By Supervised By
Md. Jubaer Hussain(1619055) Thuhin Kumar Dey
Md. Habibun Nabi(1619057) Assistant Professor
Dept. of Leather Engineering
Department of Leather Engineering

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology
Introduction:
1. Liming/unhairing operation is among the important processes of leather industry. It generates large amounts of
effluent that are highly loaded with organic hazard wastes. It is one of the major consumers of water, 9-15 (m3/t
raw hide), [1]. which is largely converted to wastewater by this liming/unhairing operation.
2. Wastewaters contain sulphide, excess lime and organic matters that come from hydrolytic degradation of hair,
keratins and inter-fibrillar proteins [2]
3. More than 60% of the total COD, BOD and total solids (TS) are contributed by the liming/unhairing and
deliming processes [3], [4]. Leather Manufacturing Step Parameters
pH BOD5 COD TDS TSS TS
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
Liming 12-14
31156 27770 16130 43900
15825
Table: Wastewater parameters of liming/unhairing steps [3].
4. Membrane processes can be used also for the treatment of the global wastewaters in order to remove the
salt content or to separate the biomass from the effluent after chemical–physical treatments [3].
5. PVA is a biodegradable synthetic polymer that is used in paper coating and textile sizing. Because of its
compatible structure and hydrophilic properties, this polymer is widely used by blending with other polymer
compounds, such as biopolymers and other polymers with hydrophilic properties. It is used in a variety of
industrial applications to improve the mechanical properties of films [4]. Some man-made polymers, such as PVA,
are available and are made from non-renewable and non-biodegradable sources
Introduction: Cont.
PVA/PVC membranes are frequently employed in ultrafiltration, microfiltration, and membrane distillation due
to various benefits such as strong chemical resistance, well-controlled porosity, superior thermal stability, and
desirable mechanical qualities
6. The 1962 USPHS Drinking Water Standards (US. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare 1%2) specify that
the total dissolved solids should not exceed 500 mg/l if more suitable supplies are available. According to McKee
and Wolf (1%3), this limit was set primarily on the basis of taste threshold.
7. The most widely used procedures for determining TDS or filterable residue are given in Standard Methods
(American Public Health Association 1985). A drying temperature of 103°C is specified while several filtering
mechanisms are acceptable.
Aims & Objectives:
To Prepare a membrane from PVA/PVC composite for the treatment of Liming/Unhairing Waste
water
To reduce the TDS from the waste water.

Membrane Preparation:
0.025 wt.% of PVC powder The homogeneous PVA/PVC polymer
10 wt.% PVA is mixed
was mixed and continue solution with appropriate weight ratios
with hot water & Stirring
stirring for 10 min to mix up of PVA:PVC in the range of 10:0.025
for 15 min
properly was then casted onto a glass plate
PVA/PVC composite
Then after drying in room temp. for polymer membrane was then Then, the excess water was
10 min the PVA/PVC membrane was immersed in Glutaraldehyde further evaporated in a
cut out with the help of a die solution(50% water content) vacuum oven for 15 hours
for crosslinking
Fig: Prepared PVA/PVC composite membrane[4]

Fig: Reaction Mechanism of PVA and PVC[4]
Sample Collection:
Liming/Unhairing wastewater was collected from the SAF Leather Ltd. (Factory), Noapara, Jessore. It consisted of a mixture of
Unhairing and Liming Chemicals of Liming operations. It was considered as the raw sample.
Methodology
Collection of Sample Parameter will be checked of the

prepared membrane (Water Flux, Characteristics Optimization of the
(Liming/Unhairing Wastewater) prepared Membrane (SEM, FTIR)
Pressure, etc.)
Characterization of Preparation of PVA/PVC Treatment of wastewater with

Liming/Unhairing Composite Membrane; membrane (Vacuum Filtration
PVA:PVC ratio 10:0.025, Process)
Wastewater (TDS, BOD, DO, Method: Phase Inversion,
COD, Salinity) Crosslinker: Glutaraldehyde
Parameter of treated water will
be analysed(TDS, BOD, DO,
Coagulation Process; Adjust pH COD, Salinity)
Preliminary/Primary
5-7, Add Coagulant(Alum),
treatment of sample: Fine
Rapid mixing 1 min at 150 rpm;
Screening with Tea Stainer &
slow mixing 20 min at 60 rpm;
Sedimentation
then it should be left for 1 hour
Results & Discussion
Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters comparing with standards of Bangladesh, ECR 1997
Results Acceptable limit

% of
Parameters Unit
Raw Treated Surface Public Irrigated
removal
sample sample water sewerage land
pH 12 7.2 6-9 6-9 6-9 -

COD 14080 7850 200 400 400 44.07% mg/L
TDS 14860 7420 2100 2100 2100 50.06% mg/L
BOD5 2622 1302 50 250 100 50.13% mg/L
Salinity 15.96 12.13 1200 24.01% ppt
DO 3.68 5.49 - mg/L
Effect of pressure for removal of TDS
60 Pressure vs Percentage of removal
50.06
50
Percentage of removal 41.12

40
30
22.93
20
10 7.67
0
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Pressure(kPa)
Fig: Pressure vs Percentage of removal
This graph represents that removal of TDS increasing with the increasing of pressure.
Effect of time for removal of TDS
Time vs Percentage of removal
60
50.06
50
Percentage of removal
41.12
40
30
22.93
20
10 7.67
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time(Sec)
Fig: Time vs Percentage of removal
This graph represents that removal of TDS increasing with respect to the increasing of
time
Effect of pH for removal of TDS
60
pH vs Percentage of removal
50.06 50.06
50
Percentage of removal 41.12

40
30
22.93
20
10 7.67
0
6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7 7.1 7.2 7.3
pH
Fig: pH vs Percentage of removal
This graph represents that removal of TDS increasing in the pH >6 and when reaches pH 7 it remains
constant and for pH 7.2, we got the same value of pH 7.
Conclusion:
1. The percentages of reduction 51.02% for TDS, 24.01% for salinity, 50.13% for BOD and 44.07% for COD,
which was satisfactory
2. No extra effort was given input to prepare the membrane.

REFERENCES
[1[Chunjin Wua, Aimin Lia,c*, Lei Lib, Long Zhanga, Hui Wangb, Xuehua Qic, Quanxing Zhanga,c, Treatment of oily
water by a poly(vinyl alcohol) ultrafiltration Membrane, De salination 225 (2008) 312–321
[2] Joseph H. Sherrard, Donald R. Moore & Theo A. Dillaha (1987) Total Dissolved Solids: Determination, Sources, Effects,
and Removal, The Journal of Environmental Education, 18:2, 19-24, DOI: 10.1080/00958964.1987.9943484
[3]Chun-Chen Yanga, ∗, G.M. Wub, Study of microporous PVA/PVC composite polymer membrane and its application to MnO2
capacitors, Materials Chemistry and Physics 114 (2009) 948–955
[4] M. Cheryana, *, N. Rajagopalanb, Membrane processing of oily streams. Wastewater treatment and waste reduction,
Journal of Membrane Science 151 (1998) 13-28
[5] Andreas A. Sapalidis, Porous Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes: Preparation Methods and Applications, 5 June 2020
[6] Pikulthong Chaimongkol1 and Datchanee Pattavarakorn1*, Preparation of Poly (vinyl alcohol)/Poly (vinyl chloride)
Microporous Composite Polymer Membrane, TIChE International Conference 2011 November 10 – 11, 2011 at Hatyai,
Songkhla THAILAND
[7] P. Angelin Vinodhini and P. N. Sudha*, Removal of heavy metal chromium from tannery effluent using ultrafiltration
membrane, Vinodhini and Sudha Textiles and Clothing Sustainability (2016) 2:5
[8] Mahmoud Abdel-Shafy Elsheikh, Tannery wastewater pre-treatment, Water Science & Technology—WST | 60.2 | 2009
[9] Elorm Obotey Ezugbe * and Sudesh Rathilal, Membrane Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: A Review, 30 April 2020
[10] MANUELE MARCUCCI, INGRID CIABATTI, ALESSANDRO MATTEUCCI, AND GUIDO VERNAGLIONE,
Membrane Technologies Applied to Textile Wastewater Treatment, Tecnotessile S.r.l., via del Gelso 13, Prato, Italy
[11] Azile Nqombolo, Anele Mpupa, Richard M. Moutloali and Philiswa N. Nomngongo, Wastewater Treatment Using
Membrane Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa,
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76624
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Fabrication and performance analysis of PVA/PVC composite membrane

to remove total dissolved solids from liming/unhairing wastewater.

Department of Leather Engineering

To reduce the TDS from the waste water.

Fig: Prepared PVA/PVC composite membrane[4]

Collection of Sample Parameter will be checked of the

Characterization of Preparation of PVA/PVC Treatment of wastewater with

Results Acceptable limit

pH 12 7.2 6-9 6-9 6-9 -

Percentage of removal 41.12

Percentage of removal 41.12

2. No extra effort was given input to prepare the membrane.

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