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    The Cellular Transport Week 6

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    Angel Mae Masa Flores
    Cellular transport involves the movement of materials across cell membranes through various processes. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis move molecules down their concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against concentration gradients using pumps like the sodium-potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport processes that move larger particles and molecules into and out of cells through vesicle formation and membrane fusion.

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    The Cellular Transport Week 6

    Uploaded by

    Angel Mae Masa Flores
    36 views28 pages
    Cellular transport involves the movement of materials across cell membranes through various processes. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis move molecules down their concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against concentration gradients using pumps like the sodium-potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport processes that move larger particles and molecules into and out of cells through vesicle formation and membrane fusion.

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    Cellular transport involves the movement of materials across cell membranes through various processes. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis move molecules down their concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against concentration gradients using pumps like the sodium-potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport processes that move larger particles and molecules into and out of cells through vesicle formation and membrane fusion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    36 views28 pages

    The Cellular Transport Week 6

    Uploaded by

    Angel Mae Masa Flores
    Cellular transport involves the movement of materials across cell membranes through various processes. Passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis move molecules down their concentration gradients without energy expenditure. Active transport requires energy to move molecules against concentration gradients using pumps like the sodium-potassium pump. Endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport processes that move larger particles and molecules into and out of cells through vesicle formation and membrane fusion.

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    The Cellular Transport

    Objectives:
    1. Explaine active and passive transport
    2. Differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis
    Unlocking of Difficulties

    Cellular transport refers to the movement of materials across the cell


    membrane.
    Molecules can pass through a phospholipid membrane. There are several ways of this easy
    movement of molecules.

    Passive Transport - Diffusion and Osmosis - the movement of materials across cell
    membranes from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

    1. The first way requires no energy input by the cell and is called simple diffusion.

    Example: Some gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse readily because of their very
    small size. It doesn’t take any energy to force these molecules in or out of the cell. No
    assistance with transport is necessary for simple diffusion. The molecules simply move from
    an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
    2. Facilitated Diffusion: transport of molecules across a membrane to their concentration
    gradient by a carrier system without the use of energy but it involves the help of “transport
    proteins.” Transport proteins facilitate the movement of various nutrients across the membrane.

    Example: Larger molecules such as “glucose”, cannot pass through the phospholipid layer.
    Instead, they go through special “channel proteins.”
    3. Osmosis: this is a water-specific process of passive transport with the help of protein
    channels called aquaporins.

    Example: It is a special case of diffusion involving the movement of water molecules. Usually,
    cells are in an environment where there is one concentration of ions outside and one inside.
    Because concentrations have to be the same, the cell can pump ions in and out to stay alive.
    The movement of water across membranes balances “solute” concentrations.
    Remember:

    For a cell to survive, ion concentrations need to be the same on both sides of the cell
    membrane. If the cell does not pump out all of its extra ions to even out the concentrations,
    the water is going to move in. This can be very bad. The cell can swell up and explode. The
    classic example of this type of swelling happens when red blood cells are placed in water.
    The water rushes into the cell, they expand and eventually rupture.
    Active Transport

    The cellular transport mentioned above is passive. What if we want to go the


    other way?
    For example, the cells lining your stomach need to take in glucose but the
    concentration of glucose in the cell is higher than the environment. We need to
    get the glucose in and it is going to have to be forced against the regular gradient
    flow. And it will take energy (adenosine triphosphate or ATP) because it is
    against the flow. ATP powers active transport to force large molecules to go
    against the concentration gradient.
    Another example that the cell needs the energy to transport very large molecules is the sodium-
    potassium pump, which is very important for the kidneys to maintain sodium and potassium
    balance and for the nerve cells in responding to stimuli and transmitting impulses.

    Transmission of nerve cells would have been impossible without the aid of this pump. Failure of
    the sodium-potassium pump can result in the swelling of the cell.
    Endocytosis and Exocytosis (Bulk Transport) – are the processes by which
    cells move materials into or out of the cell that is too large to directly pass
    through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane.

    Large molecules, microorganisms, and waste products are some of the substances that moved
    through the cell membrane through exocytosis and endocytosis. Both are also
    active transport.
    Imagine you are a macrophage: a merciless white blood cell that stalks, amoeba-like, through
    the tissues of the body, looking for pathogens, dead and dying cells, and other undesirables.

    When you encounter one of these, your task is not just to destroy it, but to consume it whole.
    Thus, cells need bulk transport mechanisms, in which large particles are moved across the cell
    membrane.

    These mechanisms involve enclosing the substances to be transported in their small globes of
    the membrane, which can then bud from or fuse with the membrane to move the substance
    across.
    4. Endocytosis: is the process by which cells take in the material by engulfing it with its
    membrane, (endo- means internal or within; cytosis- transport mechanism).

    Endocytosis is important because it is required to remove aged and dead cells from the body
    and is part of the defense against microbes.

    Endocytosis also represents an important cellular route for the delivery of


    therapeutic substances.
    The purpose of endocytosis includes:

    a. Taking in nutrients for cellular growth, function, and repair: Cells need materials like proteins
    and lipids to function.

    b. Capturing pathogens or other unknown substances that may endanger the organism: When
    pathogens like bacteria are identified by the immune system, they are engulfed by immune cells
    to be destroyed.

    c. Disposing of old or damaged cells: Cells must be safely disposed of when they stop
    functioning properly to prevent damage to other cells. These cells are eliminated through
    endocytosis.
    Two Processes of Endocytosis:

    Phagocytosis (cell-eating) – it is when a cell takes in solid food, (phago- means “to eat”), the
    importance of phagocytosis as part of the immune system for the defense against microbes.

    Pinocytosis (cell-drinking) – it is when a cell takes in the fluid that contains solute particles and
    nutrients (pino- means “to drink”) that transported bulk fluid and solutes into cells.
    The diagram below shows the basic mechanism of the two types of endocytosis.
    5. Exocytosis: (exo- means outside or external) an energy-consuming process in which a cell
    exports material outside of it or is a process for moving large molecules out of the cell to the cell
    exterior. The materials inside the cell are excreted into the extracellular environment. One big
    purpose of exocytosis is to release enzymes or other proteins that act in other areas of the body
    or to release molecules that help cells communicate with one another.
    The following diagram shows the mechanism of exocytosis
    They are packaged in membrane-bound vesicles which then fuse with the plasma membrane,
    releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.

    In exocytosis, waste material is enveloped in a membrane and fuses with the interior of the
    plasma membrane.
    The immune system also uses exocytosis to communicate information between cells.

    An immune cell can tell a virally infected cell that it must destroy itself to preserve other cells
    around it.

    A cell that is infected with a virus displays viral by-products on its surface, which is equivalent to
    the cell turning on red warning lights to attract immune cells.
    Immune cells, such as the killer T cells that wander throughout the body, recognize the viral by
    products and position themselves very close to the infected cell so that there is very little space
    between their plasma membranes.

    In rapid succession, the killer T cells mobilize secretory vesicles filled with enzymes. In
    response to a signal, the vesicles undergo exocytosis and release their contents.

    These enzymes then punch holes in the plasma membrane of the infected cell. This causes the
    cell to undergo self-destruction or apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, to prevent
    further spread of the virus.
    Remember:
    The combined processes of endocytosis and exocytosis ensure that there is a balance of
    nutrients and waste for regular cell life and function. The need for homeostasis enables an
    equal flow of molecules in and out of the cell.
    The diagram below shows the mechanisms of passive and active transport
    In passive transport, simple diffusion does not require transport protein, facilitated diffusion
    requires transport protein. Both move with the concentration gradient from high to low
    concentration. Active transport requires energy and work, passive transport does not.

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