In and Out-

II.
Circulatory
system
 MYP Concepts

Global Context
Related Concept
Key Concept
Scientific and Technical
Innovation
(Systems, models, methods;
products, processes and
solutions.
Function, interaction Opportunity, risk,
consequences and
System
responsibility)
 Models help us
understand how the
SOI interaction between
components and their
functions affects the
balance of a system
 BLOOD and
CIRCULATION
 By the end of the lesson you should
be able to:
• State the composition of Blood
• State the function of red blood cells
Blood and plasma
• Explain the function of haemoglobin in
the transport of oxygen
• State the function of white blood cell
Blood

• The average human has 5 litres of blood.

• It is a transporting fluid, which carries vital
substances to all parts of the body.
• Blood is thicker than water and has a bit of
a salty taste.
 The components of the blood and their jobs

Centrifuge
Blood Composition

• Plasma: Serum and Fibrin

• Buffy Coat: White Blood
Cells
• Red Blood Cells
What is blood made up of?

• Red blood cells

• White blood cells
• Platelets
• Plasma
• Breakdown products of digestion, such as glucose, fatty acids and
amino acids
• Dissolved mineral salts
• Carbon dioxide
• Urea
• hormones
Blood cells are created in the bone marrow, which
is the sponge-like material in the center of
bones.
Plasma
• Plasma is the liquid part of the blood
• Plasma transports – blood cells, soluble food
molecules, waste products, hormones, antibodies,
clotting proteins
• Plasma is a straw-yellow coloured liquid
• It makes about 55% of total blood volume
• if everything in plasma was removed, plasma would
look like this:
Red Blood Cells
(RBCs /
erythrocytes)
Red blood cells specialisations

1) biconcave shape 2) no nucleus

 extra space inside

3) contain haemoglobin
 the oxygen carrying
molecule
 250million molecules / cell
4) It is the most abundant
cell in the blood (40-45%
increases the surface total blood vol.
area so more oxygen 5) Survives an average of 120
can be carried days
Haemoglobin
• gives red blood cells
their colour
• can carry up to 4
molecules of O2

• associates and
dissociates with O2

• contains iron
 Function of Haemoglobin

When there is a high concentration of oxygen e.g in the

alveoli, haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin. When the blood reaches the tissue which
have a low concentration of oxygen the haemoglobin
dissociates with the oxygen and the oxygen is released into
body tissues.
White blood cells
(WBC’s /Leukocytes)
• Cells of the immune system involved in defending
the body against both infectious disease and foreign
agents –Body’s Defence mechanism
• Much larger than the RBC’s
• Fewer in number
• Nucleus present
• 4000 – 13000 per mm3
• Two types – Phagocytes and Lymphocytes
Platelets/Thrombocytes
What do platelets do?

if you get cut:-

• platelets produce
tiny fibrin threads these form a web-like mesh that traps
blood cells.

• These harden forming a clot, or "scab."

• This is useful for stopping bleeding, and for preventing germs

from entering the body through the cut.

• 150,000 to 400,000 per mm3

Summary of the composition of blood
 Microscopic
Views
Bird Blood Fish Blood

Horse Blood

Cat Blood Frog Blood

Human Blood
Dog Blood Snake Blood
Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CRh_dAzXuoU
• Viewing the permanent slide of a mammal blood smear
Blood grouping & Blood Types
There are 4 main Blood
Types:
Type A, Type B, Type AB, and
Type O
How common is your blood type?

46.1%

38.8%

11.1%

3.9%
 ABO System
• The differences in human blood - presence or absence of
certain proteins called antigens and antibodies.
• The antigens are located on the surface of the red blood cells
and the antibodies are in the blood plasma.
• Mixing incompatible blood groups leads to blood clumping or
agglutination, which is dangerous for individuals.
• Nobel Laureate Karl Landsteiner was involved in the discovery
of both the AB0 and Rh blood groups.
 Blood group A
If you belong to the blood group A, you
have A antigens on the surface of your
red blood cells and B antibodies in
your blood plasma.

.      
Blood                            
group B                             
                            
 
If you belong to the blood group B, you
have B antigens on the surface of your
red blood cells and A antibodies in
your blood plasma.

Blood group AB
If you belong to the blood group AB,
you have both A and B antigens on the
surface of your red blood cells and no
A or B antibodies at all in your blood
plasma.

Blood group 0
If you belong to the blood group 0
(null), you have neither A or B antigens
on the surface of your red blood cells
but you have both A and B antibodies
in your blood plasma.
Rh Factors
• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus
monkeys to learn more about the human
anatomy because there are certain
similarities between the two species. While
studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood
protein was discovered. This protein is also
present in the blood of some people. Other
people, however, do not have the protein.
• The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is
referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
• If your blood does contain the protein, your A+ A-
blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If B+ B-
your blood does not contain the protein,
your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). AB+ AB-
O+ O-
http://www.fi.edu/biosci/blood/rh.html
Rh Factor

• Many people also have a Rh factor on the red blood cell's surface

• This is also an antigen and those who have it are called Rh+.

• Those who haven't are called Rh-.

• But a person with Rh- blood can develop Rh antibodies in the blood
plasma if he or she receives blood from a person with Rh+ blood, whose
Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh antibodies.

• A person with Rh+ blood can receive blood from a person with Rh-
blood without any problems.
 ABO Can Can
Blood ANTIBODIES
DONATE RECEIVE
Type ANTIGENS Red Cells To: Red Cells From:
No A /B antigen but has Rh A,B
O+ O+, A+, B+, AB+ O+, O-
factor
A,B All Types
O- No A /B antigen or Rh factor (universal O-
donor)
has antigen A and Rh factor B
A+ A+, AB+ A+, A-, O+, O-

B &Rh
A- has antigen A and no Rh factor
A-, A+, AB-, AB+ A-, O-

has antigen B and Rh factor A

B+ B+, AB+ B+, B-, O+, O-

has antigen B and no Rh factor

B- B-, B+, AB-, AB+ B-, O-

AB Has antigen A and B nil AB All

 Blood Transfusions
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an
intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace
blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s
body can't make blood properly because of an illness.

Who can give you blood? Universal Donor

People with TYPE O blood are called

Universal Donors, because they can give
blood to any blood type.

People with TYPE AB blood are called

Universal Recipients, because they can
receive any blood type.

Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive -
Universal Recipient
 Process of blood clotting.
Cut occurs platelets form a temporary plug

Clotting Factors attach to the plug and bring about the

conversion of Fibrinogen to fibrin

Inactive soluble fibrinogen is converted to active insoluble

fibrin threads which forms a mesh that traps other cells like
RBCs and WBCs.

The blood clot stops the bleeding & prevents entrance of

pathogens

Clot dries & hardens and makes a scab. New skin forms.
Blood Clotting

• A blood clot results from coagulation of the blood

(changing from liquid to solid). Blood clots occur at
the site of blood vessel damage and involve pooling
of the blood (slowing of the blood's motion)..
• The ability of blood to clot is important to control
bleeding after an injury.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--bZUeb83uU
Wounding of skin (lesion or cut on skin)
Platelet adherence-aggregation-signalling.

Activation of Fibrinogen----------Fibrin--Network
of fibrin over the wound
Healing of wound

new skin formation----Upper layer of skin

darkens and is shed off as a scab, once new skin
forms.
Blood & circulation
Circulation
Your body resembles a large
roadmap, There are routes or
“arteries” that take you
downtown to the “heart” of the
city.
3 Major Parts of the Circulatory
system
•Blood Vessels - routes blood travels

•Heart – pumps or pushes blood through body

•Blood – carries important “ *stuff ” through

body

* Stuff – includes oxygen, food, & waste

# 1 Blood Vessels : One Way Streets

•Blood Vessels
resemble very long
and skinny tunnels
that are all through
your body.
 3 Types of
Blood Vessels

Arteries Capillaries Veins

 ARTERIES
Carry blood away from the heart.
The blood in the arteries is under high pressure
and so:
Arteries have thick outer walls, smaller lumen.
Arteries have thick layers of muscles, elastic
fibres, fibrous tissue
VEINS
Carry blood to the heart.

The blood in the veins is under low pressure and

so:

Veins have thin walls, wide lumen

Veins have mainly fibrous tissue, thin layers of

muscle and elastic tissue.
Capillaries
Supply all cells of the body(Body parts) with their
requirements, Take away waste products

Most of the blood pressure is lost so:

Very small (Only one cell can pass through)

Thin wall

Diffusion of materials between capillaries and body tissues

easy.
Unlike arteries and capillaries, veins have one-way valves in
them to keep the blood moving in the correct direction.
Oxygenated blood -

• Blood that contains oxygen

• Mainly found in arteries

Deoxygenated blood -

•Blood that does not contain oxygen

•Mainly found in veins

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/
21c/disease/heartdiseaserev2.shtml
Structure of the Heart
Location of the heart.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eVG45_iF9U - intro
Structure of the Heart
• The heart is made up of cardiac muscle and is
divided into 4 different chambers. The top two
compartments are called atria, while the bottom two
compartments are called ventricles.

• The right atria and ventricle receive deoxygenated

blood from the body whereas the left atria and
ventricle receive oxygenated blood from the lungs.

• The pulmonary arteries carry
deoxygenated blood away from the heart to
the lungs. This is unusual because almost all other
arteries carry oxygenated blood.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qmNCJxpsr0 – arteries and veins
• The pulmonary vein is a large blood vessel that
carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium of
the heart. They carry oxygenated blood, which is
unusual since almost all other veins carry
deoxygenated blood.

• Vena Cava are the veins that return

deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart.
They both empty into the right atrium.

• The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aorta

distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the
body.
Valves
Atrioventricular valves and semilunar
valves
• Backward flow of blood is stopped by 4 sets of valves.
• Atrio-ventricular valves separates each atrium from ventricles below
it.
• Between right atrium and right ventricle is tricuspid valve (3 flaps).
• Between the left atrium and left ventricle is bicuspid valve (2 flaps).
• In the pulmonary artery and aorta are the semi- lunar valves.
 The muscle wall or Atria and Ventricles
• The atria have much thinner walls than the
ventricles.
• The left ventricle has a wall made up of cardiac
muscle i.e. 3 times thicker than the wall of the right
ventricle.
• This is because the right ventricle only needs to
create enough pressure to pump the blood to one
organ i.e. lungs, which is situated next to the heart.
• The left ventricle has to pump blood to all the major
organs of the body.
• Left and right ventricle pump same amount of
blood.
Functioning of heart in terms of muscle
contraction
• When the ventricles contract, blood pressure closes the bicuspid and
tricuspid valves.
• As, a result these prevent blood returning to the atria.
• When ventricles relax, the blood pressure in the arteries closes the
semilunar valves, preventing the return of blood to the ventricles.
• When ventricle relax their internal volume increases and they draw in
blood from pulmonary vein or vena cava through the relaxed atria.
• Atrial contraction then forces the final amount of blood into the
ventricle just before ventricular contraction.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XaftdE_h60 – valves of heart
Double Circulation
 The heart is a DOUBLE PUMP:

1st - blood is pumped to the lungs & returns to the heart,

2nd - blood is pumped to respiring muscles & back to the heart again.
2. The blood
1. Deoxygenated receives oxygen and
blood is pumped is pumped back to
from the heart to the the heart
lungs

4. The oxygen
leaves the blood to 3. The oxygenated
be used for blood is then
respiration in the pumped to the rest
body and the blood of the body
goes back to the
heart
 Coronary arteries

The muscles of the heart are so thick that the nutrients and
oxygen in the blood inside the heart would not be able to diffuse
to all the muscles quickly enough. The heart muscles needs a
constant supply of nutrients so that it can keep contracting and
relaxing. The coronary arteries supply this.
 Coronary heart disease

• In, the lining of the large and medium arteries, deposits of fatty
substance called atheroma are laid down.
• If blood vessels get blocked completely it is called thrombosis and
blood flow is stopped
• In, the early stages of coronary heart disease, the atheroma partially
block coronary artery and reduce the blood supply to the heart. This
can lead to angina i.e pain in the chest that occurs during exercise or
exertion.
 Task: Students draw the flow of blood, in
the heart, with the help of arrows depicting
the same.
Blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer – Apparatus used to
measure Blood pressure.
A blood pressure reading has a top number (systolic) and
bottom number (diastolic). The ranges are:

Normal: Less than 120 over 80 (120/80)

Prehypertension: 120-139 over 80-89
Stage 1 high blood pressure: 140-159 over 90-99
Stage 2 high blood pressure: 160 and above over 100 and
above

People whose blood pressure is above the normal range

should consult their doctor about steps to take to lower it.
Links related to Blood pressure.

http://watchlearnlive.heart.org/CVML_Player.php?moduleSelect=highb
p

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oioFVbsiwEk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWti317q
b_w
 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=co6iu
DpaQTM-
what is blood
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noM
sCGRkwSE
- blood
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSPf
Videos QTDcw34
– valves
related to the • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_eVG
topic 45_iF9U&t=2s
– how your heart works
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l44o
NfxmIns
 - human blood
• http://www.redcrossblood.org/donating-b
lood/donor-zone/games/blood-type
- blood type game
• https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/
medicine/landsteiner/readmore.html
- about blood