Adama Science and Technology University

School of Civil and Architectural Engineering

CTM Program

CTM 2201- Construction Materials

Instructor: Fikreyesus Demeke (Bsc in Civil Eng.

MSc in CoTM +
Road and Transport Eng. )
E mail:[email protected]
02/06/23 October, 2016 1
 CTM 2201- Construction Materials
CHAPTER I: Nature& Properties of construction Materials
1.1. Classification of Construction Materials
1.2. Properties of Materials
1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties

02/06/23 2
1.1 Definitions
Material:
oa substance or thing from which some thing else can be made.
made

Material science
o Examines why’s and how's of materials, making it possible to advance the

development of new materials.

materials

Material Engineering
oRefers to the

o Understanding and review of properties and uses of materials

commonly used in engineering

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 CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. What is Construction materials

 A set of materials used in all civil engineering structures such as;
o Buildings o Tunnels
o Bridges o Dams
o Highways o Towers
o Railways o etc.

 This deals with materials used for construction such as.

o Brick, tiles, stone o Cement, sand, steel, aggregates,
o Soil, o Glass, wood, plastics etc.
Proper use of desired material

02/06/23
o Economically and safely. 4
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Classification of Construction Materials
Construction materials can be classified into:

I) Based on their physical Nature (Phase):

a) Gases : Air, oxygen, CO2

b) Liquids : Water, chemical admixtures

c) Semi-solids : Fresh pastes, mortars, asphalt

d) Solids : Metals, hardened concrete

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CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Classification of Construction Materials
II) Based on their mode of manufacture
a) Naturally occurring materials
o Clay / Earth / Soil o Sand / Fine Aggregate
o Wood / Timber o Rock/ stone
b) Artificial Or Industrially produced materials
o Cement o Paints and Varnishes

o Bricks o Glass

o Steel o Plastic

o Tiles o Lime

o Ceramic

c) Materials produced at construction site, concrete, mortar

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Amorphous Materials:
oMaterials in which atoms are arranged randomly.
randomly
o Do not have crystalline structure.
structure
o Are strong but brittle
o Examples: soot (impure carbon),
carbon glass

Crystalline materials:
Materials in which atoms are arranged in a visibly

repeated pattern in three dimensions. i.e. metals

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CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.1. Classification of Construction Materials

III) Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification

1. Metallic

Ferrous Non-Ferrous
Metal in which the Metal in which the principal
principal element is iron.
iron element is not iron
o Wrought iron o Aluminum
o Cast iron o Copper
o Steel o Lead
o Zinc

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CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Classification of Construction Materials
III) Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification

Non-metallic

 Cementing materials Stone

 Concrete Plastics
 Timber Ceramics
 CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Classification of Construction Materials
III) Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification

2. Polymers : (long chains having molecules of C, H, O, N.

N

The chains are bound to each other either by

o Covalent bonds or o Van der Waals forces.)

A. Natural
(rubber, asphalt, resins, wood)
B. Artificial (plastics).
Thermoplastic Materials:
Softening when heated and hardening when cooled

Materials that turn to plastic (soft)when subjected to heat. e.g. petroleum pitch

(bitumen)

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CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Classification of Construction Materials
III) Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification

3. Ceramics :
o Mainly aluminosilicates formed by mixed bonding, covalent and ionic)
o The word ceramic comes from Greek, meaning “burned earth”.
o Ceramic materials are nonmetallic materials based on clay (silicate mineral)
o Crystalline and Brittle ,
o Do not conduct electricity very well ,and can withstand high temperatures.

A. Structural clay products (bricks, tiles, pipes)

B. Porcelains (Equipment that produced from fine soil)

CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1. Classification of Construction Materials
III) Internal Structure & Chemical Composition Classification
4. Composite Materials :
o Combination of basic ceramic , metallic & polymeric materials

A. Natural (agglomerates):-materials collected to formed a ball or mass

i.e. volcanic fragmented united by heat

B. Artificial (Portland cement, concrete, RC)

Factors Determining the Choice of Proper Material for a Structure
 Strength, rigidity & durability Requirements

 Permanent loading → Creep Strength

 Impact loading → Toughness & Resilience

 Surface loading → Hardness & Resistance to abrasion

 Environmental Requirements

 Temperature change → coefficient of thermal expansion

 Moisture movement → permeability

 Chemical effects → chemical composition

CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2. Properties of Civil Engineering Materials

 Physical **

 Mechanical **

 Chemical
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2. Properties of Civil Engineering Materials
Physical Properties
 Properties of physical structure

 Porosity (Permeability of  Electrical (Related to electricity for

water or air) electronics

 Texture (micro, macro)  Thermal (Heat or Temperature),

 Other (color, shape)  Optical(light),

 Density (Mass/Volume )  Acoustical (sound permeability)

 Specific gravity

Gs= ratio of mass of substance divide by equal volume of water @4 degree C

CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2. Properties of Civil Engineering Materials
Chemical Properties
 Chemical composition, potential reaction with environment

 Oxide content  Toxicity (Harmfulness, Poisonousness )

 Carbonate content  Decay (Deterioration) Resistance

 Acidity, alkalinity  Adhesion (Sticking together)

 Corrosion Resistance  Hardening (Process of developing

 Combustibility résistance )

The chemical properties shall be to maintain good environment.

CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2. Properties of Civil Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties
The resistance of material to:
 The action of external static forces (compressive,tensile,bending,shear,torsional
strength)
 The action of dynamic external forces (impact and vibratory loads)

 Forces are applied to a solid body,

body two results are produced:

1) Internal resisting forces

2) Deformation
 The internal forces and deformations are called stresses and strains respectively
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2. Properties of Civil Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties
Deformation:

a)Elastic if it recovers when the external force is released

Elasticity is the ability of a material to deform under load without a

permanent set or deformation up on release of the load (springy).

b) Plastic if it fails to recover when the external force is released

CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.2. Properties of Civil Engineering Materials
Mechanical Properties
Deformation:
If a material is capable to carry its own weight and any applied load,
load it is assumed to b
strong material.
material
 This way is that the strength of the material is determined.

 When a material is said to be strong it is its strength in

 Tension or
 Compression that is usually referred to,
 but it is often necessary to know its strength in
 Shear and torsion as well.
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties

1.3.1 Classification of Mechanical Tests

I) With reference to the direction of the external forces

a) Tension test d) Bending test

b) Compression test e) Torsion test

c) Shear test
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties

1.3.1 Classification of Mechanical Tests

II) With reference to the rate and duration of the load application

a)Static Tests:
Tests
oThese are made with gradually increasing load,
load
oSuch as ordinary tests in
o Tension,
Tension
o Compression etc.
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties

1.3.1 Classification of Mechanical Tests

II) With reference to the rate and duration of the load application

b) Dynamic test:
oThese are made with suddenly applied loads,
loads as by falling weight

i.e. Air port pavement (landing)

c) Wear tests:
oMade to determine resistance to abrasion and impact,
impact
oAs in the case of paving surface wearing course materials
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties

1.3.1 Classification of Mechanical Tests

II) With reference to the rate and duration of the load application

d) Long-time tests:
tests
oMade with loads applied to the object under test for a long period of time.
oThey are used for materials such as concrete.
concrete

e) Fatigue test:
oMade with fluctuating stresses repeated a large number of times
i.e. Road materials
CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties

1.3.1. Classification of Mechanical Tests

III) With reference to the effect of the test on the specimen

a)Destructive tests:
oUnder these test methods, the specimens are either crushed or ruptured and
made useless at the end of the tests
 Tests conducted on the following materials are best examples

Ultimate strength of steel

Compressive strength of concrete

CHAPTER I: GENERAL INTRODUCTION

1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties

1.3.1. Classification of Mechanical Tests

III) With reference to the effect of the test on the specimen

b) Non-destructive tests:
 Are used to test the strength of members of existing structures without
affecting their performance.
 Example: hammer test
1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
o In standard conventional tension test,
test specimen is subjected to a gradually
increasing axial tensile force ‘P’ by means of testing machine.
o At various increments of load ,the change in length ∆L of the specimen is

measured.

∆L=L-Lo where L= new length

Lo =original length

o It is assumed that the stress is uniformly distributed for all points on each x-

section. This stress is computed as follow;

σt =P/Ao where σt =tensile stress

Ao=X-sectional area, P= applied load 45

1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
oThe uniform stress will produce a uniform elongation ∆L.

oThe elongation per unit length is strain & expressed as: ε= ∆L / Lo

Where ε =strain

∆L=elongation

Lo=original length of the specimen

owith the values of strain & stress known for various tensile loads ,a diagram

showing the relation between stress & strain ,called stress-strain diagram can be
plotted

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
d
c
Stress b
(σt ) a Plastic range

ge
an
cr
st i
Ela

Strain(ε )
Fig 1. Stress-strain diagram for ductile materials
a= Proportional limit c=Yield strength
b=Elastic limit d= Ultimate strength

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test

Properties in the elastic range

The parameters which are used to describe the mechanical properties of a material
in the elastic range are:
o Proportional limit,
o Elastic limit,
o Modulus of elasticity, stiffness etc

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
1.Proportional Limit:
Limit
oIs the greatest stress which a material is capable of withstanding without
deviation from the law of proportionality of stress to strain.
o(point a of fig 1)

2.Elastic Limit:
Limit
oIs the greatest stress which a material is capable of withstanding without a
permanent deformation remaining up on the release of stress.
o(point b of fig 1)

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
3.Modulus of Elasticity(young’s modulus)

 Is the slope of the initial linear part of stress-strain diagram.

 The greater the modulus of elasticity, the smaller the elastic strain resulting

from the application of a given values.

Methods of determining modulus of elasticity, E.

i. For ductile materials, with linear stress – strain portion,

E= ∆ σt / ∆ ε

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
For materials with non-linear stress-strain curves
 The slope of the stress- strain curve varies and the modulus of elasticity

cannot be readily determined.

 The following three methods are employed to define E:

a. Initial-Tangent modulus: The slope of

Stress the stress –strain curve at the origin which
(σt ) has a value of E 1 =tanф1

ф1

Strain(ε )

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
For materials with non-linear stress-strain curves

b. Secant modulus : the slope of the line joining the origin and the
selected point on the stress-strain curve with the value of E 2 =tanф2

Stress
(σt )

ф2
Strain(ε )

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
For materials with non-linear stress-strain curves
c. Tangent modulus: The slope of the tangent to the stress –strain curve at the
selected point with the value of E 3 =tanф3

Stress
ф3
(σt )

Strain(ε )

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test

4.Stiffness:-The measure of the ability of material to resist deformation.

 The higher the modulus of elasticity, the stiffer the material.

 A material has a higher stiffness value when its deformation in the elastic
range is relatively small.
 Comparing steel alloys with E=210Gpa and aluminium alloys with
E=70Gpa,
E=70Gpa
o the steel alloys are about three times as stiff as the aluminium alloys

o i.e. steel alloys will deform about one-third as much as aluminium alloys

for the same stress.

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test

5. Poisson’s Ratio
 Is the ratio of the unit deformations or strains in transverse direction to
the longitudinal direction within proportional limit.
µ= ε’∕ ε where ε’ = transverse strain, ε =longitudinal strain
 Poisson’s ratio is a measure of the stiffness of the material in the
direction at right angle to applied load.
 Shows lateral stability of material

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test

Yield Point :
oIs the stress at which there occurs a considerable increase in strain
without an increase in stress.
stress
oOnly ductile materials have both lower & upper yield points.
o(point c of fig 1)

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test

Properties for the plastic range

 The characteristic at the plastic range
rang is that there is a permanent
deformation in the stressed body after complete removal of the load.
load
 The parameters which are used to describe the mechanical properties for the
plastic range are; ultimate strength, ductility and toughness.

1.Ultimate Strength:-is the maximum strength a material can possibly resist

before failure.

 Depending on the stress strain relationship of a particular material, the plastic

strength will correspond to the ultimate strength or to the
fracture(rupture)strength.
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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test

Stress
(σt ) Stress
Fracture Ultimate
(σt ) Ultimate or fracture
strength strength
strength

Strain(ε )
Strain(ε )

Ductile material Brittle material

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
2.Ductility:-
oRepresents its ability to deform in the plastic range.

oDuctility is the property that makes the material to be drawn out or stretched to

a considerable extent before rupture.

oIt is usually measured as the percentage of

o Elongation or Reduction in the cross-sectional area ,

oWhen the material is subjected to tension.

o Ductile materials show relatively higher

plastic deformation,
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Brittleness
oBrittleness denotes relatively little or no elongation or increase in length at
fracture.
oExamples: cast iron, concrete, Glass…

(concrete)

i.e. :steel ,aluminum.

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1.3 Tests for Mechanical Properties
1.3.2 Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test

3.Toughness
 Is the ability of material to absorb energy in the plastic range.

 A material with high toughness can absorb high values of strain energy in the
plastic range.

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Thank you!!

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