ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY

EIABC

Building Materials &

Construction I
ARCH 2161
Lecture 1
LECTURE BY:
YASMIN YUSUF

Nov., 2024
 2

COURSE OUTLINE [10weeks]:

 Chapter 3. Binding Materials

 Chapter 1. Introduction 3.1 Lime

• Production of lime
• Classification of lime
 Chapter 2. Classification • Uses of lime
& Properties of materials
3.2 Gypsum plasters
▫ Classification of Materials • Manufacture of plasters
▫ Properties of materials • Other Derivatives

Assessment No-01 [10%]

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COURSE OUTLINE [12-14 weeks]:

3.3 Portland Cement  Chapter 4. Bricks, Concrete
▫ Manufacture of Portland cement Blocks & Building Stones
▫ Composition of Portland cement
▫ Types of Portland Cement 4.1 Bricks
 Raw materials
▫ Tests on properties of Portland
 Methods of production
cement
 Properties of Brick
 Types of bricks
3.4 Mortar
▫ Types of mortar Assessment No-02 [10%]
▫ Uses of Mortar
▫ Properties of mortar
 4

COURSE OUTLINE [12-14 weeks]:

4.2 Concrete Blocks Chapter 5. Stabilized earth
 Types of concrete blocks
Blocks
Assessment No-03 [10%]
 Methods of production

4.3 Building Stones

 Classification of
stones
 Quarrying of stones
 EVALUATION and GRADING SYSTEM
Final Exam………………………………..............................................60%
Continuous Assessment Evaluation…........................................40%
Total…………………….…….....100%

Raw Mark Letter Grade

[95, 100) A+

[85, 95) A

[80, 85) A-

[75, 80) B+

[70, 75) B

[65, 70) B-
Note: An attendance of 85% both
[60, 65) C+
in the class and laboratory is
mandatory for the completion of [50, 60) C
the course.
[40, 50) D

< 40 F
REFERENCES

1. Mikiyas Abayneh, Construction Materials.

2. Belayneh Birhanu, 2005/6, Construction Materials I
Lecture notes
3. Shan somayaji, Civil Engineering Materials.
4. A.M Neville, Properties of concrete.
Chapter 1. Introduction

Materials and types

 9

WHAT IS A MATERIAL & MATERIAL

ENGINEERING?
• Material: a substance or thing from which
something else can be made.
Example: Cement, brick, aluminum, soil, water…

• Material Engineering: refers to the

understanding & review of properties & uses of
materials commonly used in Engineering.
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TYPES OF MATERIALS
• Construction Materials:
Any material used in construction industry.
Examples: cement , soil, aggregates, asphalt, etc

• Building Materials:
Materials that are used in the building industry.
Example: cement, steel , brick, plastics, wood, glass

• Brittle Materials:
Brittleness denotes relatively little or no elongation or increase in length at fracture.
Examples: cast iron, concrete, Glass…

• Ductile Materials:
Ductility is the property that makes the material to be drawn out or stretched to a
considerable extent before rupture.

It is usually measured as the percentage of elongation (increase in length) or as the

percentage of the reduction in the cross-sectional area ,when the material is subjected
to tension.
Examples :steel ,aluminum etc
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CONT’D
• Cementitious materials:
Materials in which the principal binder is Portland cement or another type of
hydraulic cements.

• Ceramic Materials:
Ceramic materials are nonmetallic materials based on clay(silicate mineral).
They are usually crystalline and brittle ,do not conduct electricity very well, and
can withstand high temperatures.

• Elastic Materials:
Elasticity is the ability of a material to deform under load without a permanent
set or deformation up on release of the load.
A perfectly elastic material recover completely its original shape and dimensions
when loads are removed.

• Thermoplastic Materials:
Materials that turn plastic (soft)when subjected to heat. e.g. petroleum pitch
 12

• Crystalline materials:
Materials in which atoms are arranged in a discernible repeated pattern in
three dimensions.

• Amorphous Materials:
Materials in which atoms are arranged randomly or those that do not have
crystalline structure. Are strong but brittle. materials with no particular
structure. The atoms or molecules of amorphous materials are arranged in
essentially the same manner as they are in a liquid.
Examples: soot(impure carbon), glass
Chapter 2. Classification &
Properties of materials

•Classification of Materials
•Properties of materials
•Testing of Materials for Mechanical Properties
•Stress-Strain Properties in Simple Tension Test
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1. Classification of Materials
Materials that are used for construction purpose can be
broadly classified based on their:

Metallic Property

Physical nature

Mode of production
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Classification Based on Metallic

Property
• Metallic : classified into Ferrous and Non-ferrous.

a. Ferrous: is the metal in which the principal element

is iron. E.g. Steel, Wrought Iron & Cast Iron.
b. Non-ferrous : is the metal in which the principal
element is not iron. E.g. Copper, Aluminium, Lead, Zinc.

• Non metallic:
E.g. concrete,timber,stone,lime etc.
 16

Classification Based on Physical

Nature of Materials
• Solid

• Liquid

• Gas
 17

Classification Based on Mode of

Production
a) Naturally Occurring Materials
.stone
.timber
b) Industrially produced materials
.Cement
.glass
C) Materials produced at construction site
.Concrete
.mortar
 18

2. Properties of materials
• Properties that relate to materials are:

▫ Physical Properties; Density and Specific Gravity, Heat

conductivity, Acoustic permeability, Fire resistance and Porosity.

▫ Chemical Properties; Corrosion resistance, Combustibility,

Adhesion, Toxicity, Decay resistance, Hardening

▫ Mechanical Properties; The action of external static forces

(compressive, tensile, bending, shear, torsional strength), The
action of dynamic external forces(impact and vibratory loads)
 19

BEHAVIOR OF BUILDING MATERIALS

UNDER LOAD

• When an external force is applied on a solid body in

equilibrium it results in:

▫ The development of Internal resisting forces which

balance the externally applied force.
▫ The body is deformed to varying degree

• The intensity of the internal force is called stress

• The deformation per unit length is called strain
 20

CONT’D
Depending on the arrangement & direction of the
external forces, the stress produced in the body
may be :
Tensile
Compressive
Shear
Bending
Torsional
Various combinations of the above.
 21

3. Testing of Materials for Mechanical

Properties
• Mechanical properties are conducted to examine
the performance of construction materials under
the action of external forces.
• Mechanical tests are classified :
▫ With reference to the arrangement & direction of
the external forces.
▫ With reference to the rate & duration of the load
application.
▫ With Reference to the effect on the specimen.
▫
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A. With reference to the arrangement

& direction of the external forces;
 Tension Test UTM

 Specimen under tension test is

subjected to an axial tensile force

 Tensile stress is developed on

cross-sectional area perpendicular
to the line of action of the force.

 The specimen increase in length.

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CONT’D
Compression Test
 Specimen is subjected to an
axial compressive force

 Compressive stress is produced.

 The specimen decrease in

length.
 24

CONT’D
Shear test
In this test, shearing stress is determined on the x-
sectional area parallel to the line of action of the
external forces.

Bending Test.
Specimen is subjected to forces that give rise to bending
moments
The resulting stresses are compressive on one side of the
neutral axis & tensile on the other side.
Shear stress exist throughout the beam.
25
 26

B. With reference to the rate & duration

of the load application.
 Static Tests
Made with gradually increasing load.
e.g. ordinary tests in tension & compression etc.

 Dynamic Tests
Made with suddenly applied loads.

 Wear Tests
Made to determine the resistance to abrasion & impact.

 Long time Tests

These are made with the loads applied to the object for long period of time.

 Fatigue Tests
These tests are made with fluctuating stresses repeated a large number of
times
 27

C. With Reference to the effect on the

specimen/sample
 Destructive Test
 The specimens are either crushed or ruptured and made useless at the end
of the tests.
 Tests conducted on the following materials are best examples
..Ultimate strength of steel
..Compressive strength of concrete

 Non-destructive Tests
 Are used to test the strength of members of existing structures without
affecting their performance.
 Example: hammer test
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END OF LECTURE 1
 29

Thank you!!!

Questions?
 30

LECTURE 2

Chapter 2. Classification & Properties

of materials
 31

Revision- Classification & Properties of

materials
1. Classification of
Materials

Metallic Physical Mode of

Property nature production

Non- Naturally
Metallic Solid
metallic occuring

Industrially
Ferrous Liquid
produced

Non- On-site
Gas
ferrous prouced
 32

Revision- Classification & Properties of

materials

2. Properties
of materials

Physical Chemical Mechanical

Properties Properties Properties
 33

Revision- Classification & Properties of

materials

3. Testing of
Materials for
Mechanical
Properties

With reference to the With reference to the With Reference to the

arrangement & rate & duration of the effect on the
direction of the load application. specimen.
external forces.
Non-
Destructive
Dynamic Long time Fatigue destructive
Static Tests Wear Tests Test
Tests Tests Tests Tests
Compression
Tension Test Shear test Bending Test.
Test
 34

4. Stress-Strain Properties in Simple

Tension Test
In standard conventional tension test, specimen is subjected
to a gradually increasing axial tensile force ‘P’ by means of
testing machine.
At various increments of load ,the change in length ∆L of the
specimen is measured.
∆L=L-Lo where L= new length
Lo =original length
It is assumed that the stress is uniformly distributed for all
points on each x-section. This stress is computed as follow;
σt =p/Ao where σt =tensile stress
Ao=X-sectional area
P= applied load
 35

The uniform stress will produce a uniform elongation

∆L. The elongation per unit length is strain & expressed
as: ε= ∆L / Lo
Where ε =strain
∆L=elongation
Lo=original length of the specimen

with the values of strain & stress known for various

tensile loads ,a diagram showing the relation between
stress & strain ,called stress-strain diagram can be
plotted
 36

• During the first portion of the curve the

stress and strain are proportional.
This holds until the point a,
the proportional limit, is reached.

• From a to b the stress and strain

are not proportional, In the region
Ob, then, the material is said to be
elastic or to exhibit elastic behavior and
the point b is called the elastic limit.

• If the material is stressed further, the

strain increases rapidly, but when the
stress is removed at some point beyond
b, say c, the material does not come
back to its original shape or length.

• Further increase of stress beyond c

produces a large increase in strain until
point d is reached at
which fracture takes place. From b to
d, the metal is said to undergo plastic
deformation.
 37

Properties in the elastic range

 The parameters which are used to describe the mechanical properties of a
material in the elastic range are:
 proportional limit,
 elastic limit, yield point
 modulus of elasticity, stiffness etc
1.Proportional Limit: is the greatest stress which a material is capable of
withstanding without deviation from the law of proportionality of stress to
strain. (point a of fig 1)

2.Elastic Limit: is the greatest stress which a material is capable of

withstanding without a permanent deformation remaining upon the release
of stress. (point b of fig 1)

3.Yield Point: is the stress at which there occurs a considerable increase in

strain without an increase in stress. Only ductile materials have both lower
& upper yield points. (point c of fig 1)
 38

d
c
Stress b
(σt ) a
Plastic range

Strain(ε )
Fig 1. Stress-strain diagram for ductile materials

a= proportional limit c=Yield strength

b=elastic limit d= ultimate strength
 39

4.Modulus of Elasticity(young’s modulus): Is the

slope of the initial linear part of stress-strain diagram.
 The greater the modulus of elasticity, the smaller the
elastic strain resulting from the application of a given
values.

Methods of determining modulus of elasticity, E.

i. For ductile materials, with linear stress – strain
portion,
E= ∆ σt ∕ ∆ ε
 43

5.Stiffness: Is the measure of the ability of material to resist

deformation.
 The higher the modulus of elasticity, the stiffer the material.
 A material has a higher stiffness value when its deformation
in the elastic range is relatively small.
 Comparing steel alloys with E=210Gpa and aluminum alloys
with E=70Gpa,the steel alloys are about three times as stiff as
the aluminum alloys i.e. steel alloys will deform about one-
third as much as aluminum alloys for the same stress.

6.Poisson’s Ratio: Is the ratio of the unit deformations or

strains in transverse direction to the longitudinal direction
within proportional limit.
µ= ε’∕ ε
where ε’ = transverse strain,
ε =longitudinal strain
 Poisson’s ratio is a measure of the stiffness of the material in
the direction at right angle to applied load.
 44

Properties for the plastic range

The characteristic at the plastic range is that there is
a permanent deformation in the stressed body after
complete removal of the load.
The parameters which are used to describe the
mechanical properties for the plastic range are;
ultimate strength, ductility and toughness.
1.Ultimate Strength:-is the maximum strength a
material can possibly resist before failure.
Depending on the stress strain relationship of a
particular material, the plastic strength will
correspond to the ultimate strength or to the
fracture(rupture)strength.
 45

Stress
(σt ) Stress
Fracture Ultimate
(σt ) Ultimate or fracture
strength strength
strength

Strain(ε )
Strain(ε )

Ductile material Brittle material

 46

2.Ductility

Represents its ability to deform in the plastic

range.
Ductile materials show relatively higher plastic
deformation, i.e. they are capable of being
drawn-out ,before rupture occurs.
Ductility is measured by the percentage
elongation or percentage reduction in area.
De= Lf –Lo *100 Da =Ao-Af *100
Lo Ao
 47

3.Toughness

Is the ability of material to absorb energy in the

plastic range.
A material with high toughness can absorb high
values of strain energy in the plastic range.