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    Maranatha University Chemical Level of Organization

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    Kojo Yeboah Enchill

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Maranatha University Chemical Level of Organization

    Uploaded by

    Kojo Yeboah Enchill
    32 views59 pages

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    Maranatha University Chemical level of organization

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    32 views59 pages

    Maranatha University Chemical Level of Organization

    Uploaded by

    Kojo Yeboah Enchill

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 59

    CHAPTER

    2
    The Chemical Level of
    Organization

    Dr. Kojo Yeboah Enchill


    Introduction
    The purpose of the chapter is to:
    1. Introduce the language and fundamental
    concepts of chemistry
    2. Discuss how matter is organized
    3. Discuss how chemical bonds form and how
    chemical reactions occur
    4. Compare and contrast organic and inorganic
    compounds
    Basic Principles of Chemistry
    1. Chemistry is the science of structure and
    interactions of matter
    2. Matter is anything that has mass and
    takes up space
    3. Mass is the amount of matter a
    substance contains, whereas weight is
    the force of gravity acting on a mass
    Chemical Elements
    Matter exists in 3 forms:
    1. Solid
    2. Liquid
    3. Gas
    All forms of matter are composed of
    chemical elements
    Elements
    Elements are given chemical symbols such
    as:
    O = oxygen
    C = carbon
    H = hydrogen
    N = nitrogen
    These elements make up the majority of our
    bodies
    Trace Elements of the Human Body
    Atoms
    Chemical elements are composed of units
    of matter of the same type called atoms
    Atoms are the smallest units of matter that
    retain the properties and characteristics
    of an element
     Atoms are
    composed of protons,
    neutrons,
    and electrons
    Atomic Number and Mass Number
    Atomic number is the number of protons in
    the nucleus of an atom
    Mass number is the number of protons and
    neutrons in an atom
     Isotopes
    Atomic Mass
    Atomic mass assumes the mass of a:
    Neutron = 1.008 daltons
    Proton = 1.007 daltons
    Electron = 0.0005 daltons
    The atomic mass/weight of an element is
    the average mass of all its naturally
    occurring isotopes
    Ions, Molecules, and Compounds

    •Ion – an atom that has lost or gained an


    electron
    •Molecule – 2 or more atoms sharing
    electrons
    •Compound – a substance that can be
    broken down into 2 or more different
    elements
    Chemical Bonding

    Interactions Animation:
    Chemical Bonds

    You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode


    to run this animation.
    Chemical Bonds
    A chemical bond occurs when atoms are
    held together by forces of attraction
     The number of electrons in the valence shell
    determines the likelihood that an atom will form a
    chemical bond with another atom
    Ionic Bonds
    Cations vs.
    Anions
    Covalent Bonds
    Single, double, and triple bonds
    Covalent Bonds
    Hydrogen Bonds
    In a hydrogen bond, 2 other atoms
    associate with a hydrogen atom
    Chemical Reactions
    A chemical reaction occurs when new bonds
    are formed or old bonds are broken
    Reactants – starting substances
    Products – ending substances
    Metabolism
    Law of conservation of mass
    Forms of Energy & Chemical
    Reactions
    Energy is the capacity to do work
    Potential energy
    Kinetic energy
    Chemical energy
    Law of conservation of energy
    Energy Transfer
    Exergonic vs.
    endergonic
    reactions
    Activation
    energy
    Catalysts
    Types of Chemical Reactions
    1. Synthesis
    2. Decomposition
    3. Exchange
    4. Reversible
    5. Oxidation-reduction
    Inorganic vs. Organic Compounds
    Inorganic compounds usually lack carbon
    and are simple molecules
     Water is the most important and abundant
    inorganic compound in all living things
    Organic compounds always contain H,
    usually contain O, and always have covalent
    bonds
    Properties of Water

    Interactions Animation:
     Polarity and Solubility of
    Molecules

    You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode


    to run this animation.
    Water as a Polar Molecule
    Water as a Solvent
    Water in Chemical Reactions
    Water is the ideal medium
    In a hydrolysis reaction, water is added to break
    bonds
    In a dehydration synthesis reaction, water is
    removed to make bonds
    Water’s Thermal Properties
    Water has a:
    High heat capacity
    High heat of vaporization
    Water as a Lubricant
    Water is a major component of our body
    fluids and helps reduce friction as
    membranes and organs slide over one
    another

    Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All


    rights reserved.
    Solutions, Colloids, and Suspensions

    •Mixture – a combination of elements or


    compounds that are physically blended
    together but not bonded together
    •3 types of mixtures:
    1. Solution
    2. Colloid
    3. Suspension
    Percentage & Molarity
    Acids, Bases, & Salts
    pH
    pH and Buffers

    Interactions Animation:
     Acids and Bases

    You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode


    to run this animation.
    Buffer Systems
    Maintenance of body fluid homeostasis is
    critical
     Buffer systems help to regulate pH by converting
    strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases

     H+ + HCO3-  H2CO3
    Carbon
    Organic compounds always contain carbon
    Many carbons can combine in a variety of
    shapes
    Carbon compounds do not dissolve easily in
    water
    Carbon compounds are a good source of
    energy
    Functional Groups of Carbon
    Functional Groups of Carbon
    Functional Groups of Carbon
    Functional Groups of Carbon
    Functional Groups of Carbon
    Carbohydrates
    Carbohydrates
    provide most of
    the energy
    needed for life
    Monosaccharides
    Disaccharides
    Polysaccharides
    Lipids
    Fatty
    Acids
    Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated
    Triglycerides
    Triglycerides proved protection, insulation,
    and energy
    Phospholipids
    Phospholipids are an important component
    of cell membranes
    Steroids
    Proteins

    •Proteins give structure to the body,


    regulate processes, provide protection,
    assist in muscle contraction, transport
    substances, and serve as enzymes
    Amino
    Acids
    Proteins are formed by
    combining various
    amino acids
    Polypeptides
    Organization of Proteins

    Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All


    rights reserved.
    Enzymes
    An enzyme is a catalyst in a living cell
    Enzymes are:
    Highly specific
    Extremely efficient
    Subject to cellular controls

    Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All


    rights reserved.
    Enzymes
    Enzymes

    Interactions Animation:

    Enzyme Functions and ATP

    You must be connected to the Internet and in Slideshow Mode


    to run this animation.
    DNA & RNA
     DNA forms the
    genetic code in the
    nuclei of body
    cells and it
    regulates most of
    the cell’s activities
     RNA guides protein
    formation
    DNA vs. RNA
    Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
    ATP is the principal energy-storing molecule
    in the body

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