COTM 4191:

HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING II

Ch-5
5.0 PAVEMENT FAILURE AND
MAINTENANCE
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Chair, infrastructure Design & Construction ,EIABC

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DISTRESS IDENTIFICATION AND CAUSES

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DISTRESS IDENTIFICATION AND CAUSES

 Gravel Road Distresses

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DISTRESS IDENTIFICATION AND CAUSES

 Four Distress Categories

 Deformation;
 Cracking;
 Surface Defects/Disintegration; and

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 Edge Defects.
 Deformation
 The change in the pavement surface profile and it can affect roughness
condition and skid resistance when water ponding occurs
 It accelerates Crack initiation
 Factors for pavement performance
 Traffic Volume and Load
 Moisture or Water
 Subgrade Soil
 Construction Quality
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 Maintenance
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT FAILURE
IDENTIFICATION
Pavement Types Pavement Types
Failure Failure

Deformation Corrugations Disintegrati Stripping

Depressions on Pothole

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Rutting Patching
Shoving Edge Defects
Cracks Crocodile cracks
Longitudinal cracks
Transverse cracks
Block cracks
Surface Delamination
defects Flushing
Polishing
Raveling 5
DEFORMATION

 Corrugation

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DEFORMATION

 Rutting

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DEFORMATION FAILURE

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FATIGUE CRACKING

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CRACKING FAILURE
 Block Cracking

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CRACKING FAILURE
 Block cracking

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CRACKING FAILURE
 Longitudinal Cracking

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CRACKING FAILURE
 Transverse Cracking

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SURFACE DEFECTS

 Polished Surface(After 5 Years of wear)

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SURFACE DEFECTS

 Bleeding

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HMA bleeding from over-asphalting
bleeding in wheel paths 15
SURFACE DEFECTS

 Raveling

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Raveling from snow plot operations
Raveling due to low density

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SURFACE DEFECTS
 Stripping(Potholes)

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Core hole showing stripping at the Stripping at bottom of hole
bottom 17
SURFACE DEFECTS
 Pothole

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SURFACE DEFECTS
 Shoving

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SURFACE DEFECTS
 Patching

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SURFACE DEFECTS

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SURFACE DEFECTS
 Gravel Road surface erosion/Crown slope Defects

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DRAINAGE RELATED FAILURE IN GRAVEL
ROADS
 Gravel Road with Poor Crown slope/Ditches

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DRAINAGE RELATED FAILURE IN GRAVEL
ROADS

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DRAINAGE RELATED FAILURE IN GRAVEL ROADS

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Dust gravel road Gravel Loss
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HEAVY ACCUMULATIONS OF AGGREGATE ON
EDGE
 Heavy Accumulations of Aggregate on edge

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POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FAILURES
Alligator cracking  Fatigue failure due to flexible/brittle base.
 Inadequate pavement thickness.
 Repetitions of traffic loading
Block cracking  Reflection of joints cracking in underlying base.
Longitudinal cracking  Reflection cracking.

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 Poor paving lane joint.
 Pavement widening.
 Cut/fill differential settlement.
 Fatigue failure of asphalt concrete.
Transverse cracking  Reflection of shrinkage cracking.
 Construction joints.
Rutting  Inadequate pavement thickness.
 Post construction compaction.
 Instability of base surfacing.
Shoving  Poor bond between layers.
 Lack of edge containment.
 Inadequate pavement thickness. 27
POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FAILURES
 Settlement of service trench or embankment.
Depression  Isolated consolidation.
 Volume change of subgrade
Corrugation  Instability of asphalt concrete or base course.
 Inadequate pavement width.

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Edge drop  Erodible shoulder material (lack of plasticity).
 Inadequate pavement width.
Edge break  Inadequate edge support.
 Traffic travelling on shoulder edge drop.
 Weak seal coat/loss of adhesion.
Raveling  It is a result of insufficient adhesion between the asphalt
cement and the aggregate.
 Initially, a fine aggregate break loose and leaves small,
rough patches in the surface of the pavement.

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POSSIBLE CAUSES OF FAILURES
Potholes
Potholes are often located in areas of poor drainage.
Potholes are formed when the pavement disintegrates under traffic
loading, due to inadequate strength in one or more layers of the
pavement, usually accompanied by the presence of water.

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Polishing  Caused by traffic movement (vehicles movement).
Patches  Filling the holes with asphalt concrete without cleaning and preparing
and doing the required works for maintenance.
 Filling the holes without doing proper leveling and compaction.

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INTRODUCTION TO MAINTENANCE TYPES
 Roads are expensive to build.
 They repay their initial investment only by means of long-term care
and maintenance.
 the most useful way to classify maintenance activities is in terms of

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their frequency.
a) routine maintenance, required continually on every road
whatever its engineering characteristics or traffic volume
b) recurrent maintenance, required at intervals during the year with
a frequency that depends on the volume of traffic using the road
c)periodic maintenance, required only at intervals of several years
d) urgent maintenance, needed to deal with emergencies and
problems calling for immediate action when a road is blocked.
e) Heavy maintenance
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EXAMPLES OF MAINTENANCE
CATEGORIES
 routine: (grass cutting; drain clearing; recutting ditches;
culvert maintenance; road signs maintenance)
 recurrent on unpaved roads:(repairing pot-holes and ruts;
dragging; grading)

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 recurrent on paved roads: (repairing pot-holes; patching;
repairing edges; sealing cracks)
 periodic on unpaved roads: regravelling

 periodic on paved roads:(resealing (surface dressing, slurry

sealing, fog spray, etc.); regravelling shoulders; road surface
marking
 urgent: (removal of debris and other obstacles; placement of
warning signs and diversion works).
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INTRODUCTION TO
MAINTENANCE(CONT’D)
 Routine maintenance:-is undertaken on regular basis.
 Its frequency does not depend on the character of the road or the
amount of traffic.
 It is treated as a fixed-cost item in the maintenance budget.

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 Recurrent and periodic maintenance; are treated as
variable-cost activities, because the frequency with which
they are required is dependent on the engineering and traffic
characteristics of the particular road.

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SEQUENCES OF TASKS IN MAINTENANCE
a) Inventory Survey
recording the basic characteristics of each section of the road
network
b) Condition survey/inspection

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examining the road and measuring its condition

c) Determination of maintenance requirement

analyzing why defects are occurring; and specifying

what maintenance activities are needed to put them right and

delay further deterioration
d) Resource estimation
costing the maintenance programme in order to define an
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SEQUENCES OF TASKS IN MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
e) Identifications of priorities
deciding the work that has to take precedence if resources are
limited

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f) Work scheduling and performance
controlling the work as it is carried out

g) Monitoring
checking the quality and effectiveness of the work.

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THANK YOU

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