Layering in Computer Networking
Layering in Computer Networking
Layering in Computer Networking
• OSI Model
• TCP/IP Model
• Protocols at each layer
Hardware Hardware
& &
Software Software
DEVICE A DEVICE B 1
Evolution of the 7-Layers (1)
Application Application
Technical Technical
Standards Standards
• Two Layer Model
– Problem: Applications were being developed to run over ever-increasing
number of media/signaling systems.
– Solution: Separate application aspects from technical (signaling and routing)
aspects
– Application Layer: Concerned with user interface, file access and file transfer
1
Evolution of the 7-Layers (3)
Application Application
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Physical Layer
–Describes physical aspects of network: cards, wires, etc
–Specifies interconnect topologies and devices
• Network Layer
–Defines a standard method for operating between nodes
–Address scheme is defined (IP)
–Accounts for varying topologies
• Data-Link
–Works with Network Layer to translate logical addresses (IP) into hardware
addresses (MAC) for transmission
–Defines a single link protocol for transfer between two nodes
Evolution of the 7-Layers (4)
Application Application
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• Five Layer Model – Increase Quality of Service (QOS)
•Variable levels of data integrity in network
1
•Additional data exchanges to ensure connectivity over worst conditions
•Became the Transport Layer
Evolution of the 7-Layers (5)
Application Application
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
Application Application
Presentation Presentation
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data-Link Data-Link
Physical Physical
• The Seven Layer OSI Model - Addition of Management and Security
– Standardizing notation or syntax for application messages (abstract syntax)
1
– Set of encoding rules (transfer syntax)
– Became the Presentation Layer
What Each Layer Does
2
Gives end-user applications access to
network resources
Where is it on my computer?
Workstation or Server Service in MS
Windows
3
Presentation Layer
3
Session Layer
Where is it on my computer?
Workstation and Server Service
(MS)
Windows Client for NetWare
(NetWare)
3
Transport Layer
3
Figure 2.9 Transport layer
Responsibilities:
Network addressing
Routing
Example:
IP from TCP/IP
3
Network layer
• Network-wide addresses
• Used to transfer data across subnets
• Used by routers for packet forwarding
• Example:
– IP Address
• Where is it on my computer?
– TCP/IP Software
Data Link Layer
3
Data link layer
7 - Application All
6 - Presentation People
5 - Session Seem
4 - Transport To
3 - Network Need
2 - Data Link Data
1 - Physical Processing
TCP/IP model development
• Layer 4: Application
• Layer 3: Transport
• Layer 2: Internet
• Layer 1: Network access
Layer Protocols
Internet IP ICMP
Network Access
ETHERNET PACKET RADIO
(Host-to-network)
Protocols at the application layer
• HTTP:
– browser and web server communication
• FTP :
– file transfer protocol
• TELNET:
– remote login protocol
• POP3: Retrieve email
– POP3 is designed to delete mail on the server as soon as the user has
downloaded it
• IP
– Path selection ,
– routing and addressing
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol )
– sends error messages relying on IP
• a requested service is not available
• a host or router could not be reached
Protocols at the link layer
• Ethernet
– Uses CSMA/CD
• Token Ring
Data Formats
64 to 1500 Bytes
Comparing TCP/IP with OSI
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols
7th
Application Layer
6th
Presentation Layer Application Layer
5th
Session Layer
4th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer
2nd
Link Layer
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer
OSI
OSI Model Equipment Words to TCP/IP
Model Pneumonic Equipment Data Protocols
Name Purpose Remember Model
Layer
Redirector,
Layer 7 Application All FTP, Telnet, Browsers Application
Regular Computer SMTP,
or A Special SNMP, Common Data
Layer 6 Presentation People Computer Data Application
Gateway. Used to Netware Format
combine networks Core
using different NFS, SQL, Dialogues and
Layer 5 Session Seem communication RPC, X-Win
Application
Conversations
protocols Quality of
Layer 4 Transport To Computer Segment TCP and UDP Service, and Transport
Reliability
Segment Network Routable
Path Selection,
into Smaller Protocols.
Layer 3 Network Need Router Packet (IP, IPX,
Routing, and Internet
Broadcast Addressing
AppleTalk)
Domains
Bridge (2
Data Link Segment Network NDIS, ODI, Frames and
Ports) or Network
Layer 2 -MAC Data into Smaller Frame MAC Address, Media Access
Switch and Ether Talk Control (MAC) Access
-LLC Collision Domains
NIC
Repeater,
One Collision AND
Hub (Multi- Signals and Network
Layer 1 Physical Processing One Broadcast Bit Physical
Media
port), Access
Domain
Cabling
Internet applications
• Example of servers
– File servers
– Web servers
• Example of client applications
– Browsers
– Email clients