DBMS Unit1 History

What is a Database?
 A database is a collection of related data which represents some

feature of the real world.
 A database system is designed to be built and populated with data
for a certain task.
What is DBMS?
 Database Management System (DBMS) is a software for storing
and retrieving users' data
 The DBMS accepts the request for data from an application and
instructs the operating system to provide the specific data.
 In large systems, a DBMS helps users and other third-party
software to store and retrieve data.
 DBMS allows users to create their own databases as per their
requirement.
 The term “DBMS” includes the user of the database and other
application programs.
 It provides an interface between the data and the software
application.
Let us see a simple example of a university database. This database
is maintaining information concerning students, courses, and grades
in a university environment.
The database is organized as five files:
• The STUDENT file stores data of each student

• The COURSE file stores contain data on each course.
• The SECTION stores the information about sections in a
particular course.
• The GRADE file stores the grades which students receive in the
various sections
• The TUTOR file contains information about each professor.
History of DBMS
Here, are the important landmarks from the history:

•1960 - Charles Bachman designed first DBMS system
•1970 - Codd introduced IBM'S Information Management System (IMS)
•1976- Peter Chen coined and defined the Entity-relationship model also know as
the ER model
•1980 - Relational Model becomes a widely accepted database component
•1985- Object-oriented DBMS develops.
•1990s- Incorporation of object-orientation in relational DBMS.
•1991- Microsoft ships MS access, a personal DBMS and that displaces all other
personal DBMS products.
•1995: First Internet database applications
•1997: XML applied to database processing. Many vendors begin to integrate
XML into DBMS products.
Characteristics of Database Management System
•Provides security and removes redundancy
•Self-describing nature of a database system
•Insulation between programs and data abstraction
•Support of multiple views of the data
•Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing
•DBMS allows entities and relations among them to form tables.
•It follows the ACID concept ( Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and
Durability).
•DBMS supports multi-user environment that allows users to access
and manipulate data in parallel.
DBMS Flat File Management System
Multi-user access It does not support multi-user
access
Design to fulfill the need for small It is only limited to smaller DBMS
and large businesses system.
Remove redundancy and Integrity Redundancy and Integrity issues
Expensive. But in the long term It's cheaper
Total Cost of Ownership is cheap
Easy to implement complicated No support for complicated
transactions transactions
Users in a DBMS environment
Following, are the various category of users of a DBMS system
Component Name Task
Application The Application programmers write programs in various
Programmers programming languages to interact with databases.
Database Database Admin is responsible for managing the entire

Administrators DBMS system. He / She is called Database admin or
DBA.
End-Users The end users are the people who interact with the
database management system. They conduct various
operations on database like retrieving, updating,
deleting, etc.
Popular DBMS Software
Here, is the list of some popular DBMS system:
•MySQL
•Microsoft Access
•Oracle
•PostgreSQL
•dBASE
•FoxPro
•SQLite
•IBM DB2
•LibreOffice Base
•MariaDB
•Microsoft SQL Server etc.
Application of DBMS
Sector Use of DBMS
Banking For customer information, account activities, payments, deposits,
loans, etc.
Airlines For reservations and schedule information.
Universities For student information, course registrations, colleges and grades.
Telecommunication It helps to keep call records, monthly bills, maintaining balances, etc.
Finance For storing information about stock, sales, and purchases of financial
instruments like stocks and bonds.
Sales Use for storing customer, product & sales information.
Manufacturing It is used for the management of supply chain and for tracking
production of items. Inventories status in warehouses.
HR Management For information about employees, salaries, payroll, deduction,
generation of paychecks, etc.
Types of Data Model in DBMS
Hierarchical DBMS
In a Hierarchical database, model data is organized in a tree-like
structure. Data is Stored Hierarchically (top down or bottom up)
format. Data is represented using a parent-child relationship. In
Hierarchical DBMS parent may have many children, but children
have only one parent.
Network Model
The network database model allows each child to have multiple
parents. It helps you to address the need to model more complex
relationships like as the orders/parts many-to-many relationship. In
this model, entities are organized in a graph which can be accessed
through several paths.
Relational model
Relational DBMS is the most widely used DBMS model because it is
one of the easiest. This model is based on normalizing data in the rows
and columns of the tables. Relational model stored in fixed structures
and manipulated using SQL.
Object-Oriented Model
In Object-oriented Model, data stored in the form of objects. The

structure which is called classes which display data within it. It defines
a database as a collection of objects which stores both data members
values and operations.
Advantages of DBMS
•DBMS offers a variety of techniques to store & retrieve data
•DBMS serves as an efficient handler to balance the needs of multiple
applications using the same data
•Uniform administration procedures for data
•Application programmers never exposed to details of data representation and
storage.
•A DBMS uses various powerful functions to store and retrieve data efficiently.
•Offers Data Integrity and Security
•The DBMS implies integrity constraints to get a high level of protection
against prohibited access to data.
•A DBMS schedules concurrent access to the data in such a manner that only
one user can access the same data at a time
•Reduced Application Development Time
Disadvantage of DBMS
DBMS may offer plenty of advantages but, it has certain flaws-
•Cost of Hardware and Software of a DBMS is quite high which increases the
budget of your organization.
•Most database management systems are often complex systems, so the training
for users to use the DBMS is required.
•In some organizations, all data is integrated into a single database which can be
damaged because of electric failure or database is corrupted on the storage media
•Use of the same program at a time by many users sometimes lead to the loss of
some data.
•DBMS can't perform sophisticated calculations
When not to use a DBMS system?
Although, DBMS system is useful. It is still not suited for specific task mentioned below:
Not recommended when you do not have the budget or the expertise to operate a DBMS. In
such cases, Excel/CSV/Flat Files could do just fine.

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What is a Database?

 A database is a collection of related data which represents some

The database is organized as five files:

• The STUDENT file stores data of each student

Here, are the important landmarks from the history:

Database Database Admin is responsible for managing the entire

In Object-oriented Model, data stored in the form of objects. The

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