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    Lesson 1 VARIABLES

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    Dave Rovic
    Here are 3 possible variables for each given phenomena: 1. Climate Change - Average Temperature - Sea Level - Carbon Emissions 2. Political System in the Philippines - Type of Government - Voter Turnout - Corruption Levels 3. Low Customer Retention - Customer Satisfaction - Product Quality - Pricing

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    Lesson 1 VARIABLES

    Uploaded by

    Dave Rovic
    28 views15 pages
    Here are 3 possible variables for each given phenomena: 1. Climate Change - Average Temperature - Sea Level - Carbon Emissions 2. Political System in the Philippines - Type of Government - Voter Turnout - Corruption Levels 3. Low Customer Retention - Customer Satisfaction - Product Quality - Pricing

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    Lesson-1-VARIABLES-Copy

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    Here are 3 possible variables for each given phenomena: 1. Climate Change - Average Temperature - Sea Level - Carbon Emissions 2. Political System in the Philippines - Type of Government - Voter Turnout - Corruption Levels 3. Low Customer Retention - Customer Satisfaction - Product Quality - Pricing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views15 pages

    Lesson 1 VARIABLES

    Uploaded by

    Dave Rovic
    Here are 3 possible variables for each given phenomena: 1. Climate Change - Average Temperature - Sea Level - Carbon Emissions 2. Political System in the Philippines - Type of Government - Voter Turnout - Corruption Levels 3. Low Customer Retention - Customer Satisfaction - Product Quality - Pricing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    VARIABLES

    IN
    QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
    VARIABLES
    • anything that can be observed by
    researchers, such as a person, thing, place,
    situation, or even a phenomenon.
    • Such variables can be changed or can
    inflict change.
    ROLES OF
    VARIABLES
    1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
    • (also called causal variables) are variables that are presumed to cause the
    change in the setup.
    • These are also factors or phenomena that may influence another variable
    to change.
    • In experimental research, independent variables may also be
    manipulated to examine the specific effect an independent variable may
    have toward another variable.

    Example:
    a researcher is determining the effects of motivation on the
    performance of employees.
    2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES
    • (also called outcome variables) are variables that
    change because of another variable.
    • These are variables that are also measured by
    researchers using standardized tools.

    Example:
    a researcher is trying to determine the effectiveness of
    the different coaching styles on volleyball teams.
    3. Mediating Variables
    • Mediating variables (also called intervening variables)
    show the connection between the independent and the
    dependent variables.
    • It can also be a mechanism by which the independent
    variable can effect change on the dependent variable.

    Example:
    A researcher wants to know the effects of working for
    seven days a week on the employee’s productivity level.
    4. Moderating Variables
    • Moderating variables are variables that may have a strong
    conditioned effect on the relationship between independent
    and dependent variables.
    • They may also portray how the relationship between the
    independent and the dependent variables may change, given
    different circumstances.

    Example:
    a researcher wants to know the effects of exercising on
    one’s weight loss.
    5. Extraneous Variables
    • are variables that may be treated as independent
    or moderating variables but should be excluded
    from the research study itself since it may
    interfere with the research process.

    Example:
    a researcher wants to know the effect of poor
    garbage disposal on pollution
    LEVEL
    OF
    MEASUREMENT
    LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT

    1. CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
    - are variables that are qualitative in nature, which
    could either be nominal or ordinal.

    2. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
    - are variables that are quantitative in nature, which
    could either be interval or ratio.
    CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
    1. Nominal Variable
    - is any variable that represents different types of data that
    can be categorized or may be divided into groups.
    - There is no specific order; hence, the frequencies for each
    category are only counted.

    Examples:
    *race
    *ethnicity
    *hair color.
    CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
    1. Ordinal Variable
    - is any variable that can also be categorized or may be
    divided into groups, but it has a specific order or rank.
    - Hence, the frequencies for each category or group can be
    counted or ranked. However, the distance between categories
    when ranked is not equivalent.
    Examples:
    *year of graduation
    *brands of bags
    *food preferences.
    CONTINUOUS VARIABLES
    1. Interval Variable
    - is any variable that has numerical value. Hence, the
    numerical values can be counted and ranked. In addition,
    the difference between ranked categories is meaningful

    Examples:
    *Temperature (Fahrenheit) and (Celsius)
    *pH measure
    *IQ and SAT scores
    CONTINOUS VARIABLES
    2. Ratio Variable
    - A ratio variable is an interval variable, but unlike the interval variable,
    it has a true zero. Hence, it can be counted, ranked and has a meaningful
    difference between values. Additionally, there is a true zero point.
    - True or absolute zero means that nothing exists for that variable, that
    zero simply means none.
    Examples:

    *weight *pulse
    *enzyme activity *length
    *dose amount *survival time
    ACTIVITY
    DIRECTIONS:
    List down as many variables as you can with the given phenomena.
    PHENOMENA POSSIBLE VARIABLES

    1. Climate Change

    2. Political System in the


    Philippines
    3. Low Customer Retention

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