Heat and Phase Change

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HEAT TRANSFER

B Y VA N Z A N T H O N Y S I L VA
Heat transfer
The movement of heat across the border of the system due to
a difference in temperature between the system and its
surroundings.”
 
Heat is energy that is transferred from one object to another as the result of a
difference in temperature. Heat is the actual energy and temperature is a
measure of the amount of energy. If two objects have different temperatures
and are brought together, heat energy is transferred. Heat flows from the hotter
object to the colder. That’s why water that was once cool is brought to boiling
as heat from the flame is transferred to the cooler pot. And from the pot to the
water. And from the water to the eggs.
CONVECTION
Convection is the process of heat transfer by the bulk movement of molecules within fluids
such as gases and liquids. When a fluid is heated from below, thermal expansion takes
place. The lower layers of the fluid, which are hotter, become less dense. We know that
colder fluid is denser. Due to buoyancy, the less dense, hotter part of the fluid rises up. And
the colder, denser fluid replaces it. This process is repeated when this part also gets heated
and rises up to be replaced by the colder upper layer. This is how the heat is transferred
through convection.
Convection Examples :
• Boiling of water, that is molecules that are denser move at the bottom while the molecules
which are less dense move upwards resulting in the circular motion of the molecules so
that water gets heated.

• Warm water around the equator moves towards the poles while cooler water at the poles
moves towards the equator.

• Blood circulation in warm-blooded animals takes place with the help of convection,
thereby regulating the body temperature.
Conduction
The process of transmission of energy from one particle of the medium to another with the particles
being in direct contact with each other. An area of higher kinetic energy transfers thermal energy
towards the lower kinetic energy area. High-speed particles clash with particles moving at a slow
speed, as a result, slow speed particles increase their kinetic energy. This is a typical form of heat
transfer and takes place through physical contact. Conduction is also known as thermal conduction or
heat conduction.
Conduction Examples
Following are the examples of conduction:

 Ironing of clothes is an example of conduction where the heat is conducted from the iron to
the clothes.

 Heat is transferred from hands to ice cube resulting in the melting of an ice cube when held
in hands.

 Heat conduction through the sand at the beaches. This can be experienced during summers.
Sand is a good conductor of heat.
Radiation
Radiant heat is present in some or other form in our daily lives. Thermal radiations are referred to as
radiant heat. Thermal radiation is generated by the emission of electromagnetic waves. These waves
carry away the energy from the emitting body. Radiation takes place through a vacuum or transparent
medium which can be either solid or liquid. Thermal radiation is the result of the random motion of
molecules in matter. The movement of charged electrons and protons is responsible for the emission of
electromagnetic radiation. Let us know more about radiation heat transfer.
PHASE CHANGE
Melting
Melting, or fusion, is a physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to
a liquid. This occurs when the internal energy of the solid increases, typically by the application of heat
or pressure, which increases the substance's temperature to the melting point.
Freezing
Freezing is a phase transition where a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its
freezing point. In accordance with the internationally established definition, freezing means the
solidification phase change of a liquid or the liquid content of a substance, usually due to cooling.
Sublimation
Sublimation is a type of phase change that takes place when a solid turns directly into a gas, skipping
the liquid phase. The opposite of sublimation is vapour deposition. The term "sublimation" only
applies to a physical change of state and not to the transformation of a solid into a gas during a
chemical reaction.
Condensation
Condensation is a process in which the vapor phase of a substance is changed into the liquid phase
by removing and transferring heat from the vapor to a cooling medium. For the process to take
place, the vapor must be saturated and the heat of vaporization must be removed from the vapor.

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