History of Aviation

Course Id:
Faculty: Shaza Hashar
 Lecture # 02
Today’s Agenda
Historical Background To Understand Aviation Policy
Introduction
History is the key to understand the current
framework of aviation policy.
Sovereignty of airspace above a country became an
issue in the early 20th century because of airplanes and
their military potential.
Should the space above ground be considered to
belong to a country or like the open sea should it be
considered common international territory?
Hugo Grotius
Hugo Grotius is also known as the father of
international law.
He was Dutch jurist, politician, and the logian whose
work of the law of War and Peace (1625) is considered
the first comprehensive treatise on international law.
He formulated the principle that the sea was
international territory and all nations were free to use
it for sea farming and trade.
The Paris Convention of 1919
It is related to the regulation of areal navigation,
signed in Paris on 13th October 1919.
It defined the status of international airspace and gave
the authority to the commander of an aircraft to act in
accordance with the law of the state of registration.
It was the first multilateral approach by international
law relating to air navigation brought academic
discussion to an end with the definition that
“Every power has complete and exclusive sovereignty
over the airspace above its territory”
Chicago Convention of 1944
In 1944 several allied states founded the United
Nations, who agreed upon the ‘Chicago Convention’.
Chicago Convention set a milestone in aviation
history.
It was signed on 7th December 1944 by 52 states and
went into effect on 4th April 1947, the same date the
ICAO was founded.
Preamble to the Chicago Convention
Three main Objectives / Goals of this convention:

1. The future development of international civil

aviation can greatly help to create and preserve
friendship and understanding among the nations
and people of the world, yet its abuse can become a
threat to the general security.
Preamble to the Chicago Convention (contd.)

2. It is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that

cooperation between nations and peoples upon
which the peace of the world depends.
Preamble to the Chicago Convention (contd.)

3. The undersigned governments having agreed on

certain principles and arrangements in order that
international civil aviation may be developed in a
safe and orderly manner and that international air
transport services may be established on the basis of
equality of opportunity and operated soundly and
economically.
Important Notes:
The Convention has since been revised eight times in
1959, 1963, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1997, 2000 & 2006.
As of March 2019, the Chicago Convention had 193
state parties, which includes all member states.
The Convention is supported by nineteen annexes
containing standards and recommendation practices
(SARPs).
These annexes are regularly amended by ICAO and are
mentioned as follows:
Annex 1: Personnel Licensing
Annex 2: Rules of the Air
Annex 3: Meteorological Service for International
Air Navigation
Annex 4: Aeronautical Charts
Annex 5: Units of Measurement to be Used in Air
and Ground Operations
Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft
Annex 7: Aircraft Nationality and Registration
Marks
Annex 8: Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annex 9: Facilitation
Annex 10: Aeronautical Telecommunications
Annex 11: Air Traffic Services
Annex 12: Search and Rescue
Annex 13: Aircraft Accident and Incident
Investigation
Annex 14: Aerodromes
Annex 15: Aeronautical Information Services
Annex 16: Environmental Protection
Annex 17: Security
Annex 18: The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods
by Air
Annex 19: Safety Management
Important Note:
The content of those annexes is binding for all
member states and has to be adopted into national
law.
State ownership & State Intervention after WWII
Following the Chicago Convention, several events and
developments in the political economy have had an
impact on the airline industry mainly after the end of
World War II and emerging of new world order.
The Cold war and the internationalization within
blocks fostered state influence and air transport
became a strategic asset with tremendous political and
economic importance.
This lead to state ownership and state intervention
with in the framework of ICAO and IATA.
Because of that state-owned industry became a
densely regulated and non-competitive sphere.
Domestic service was often monopolized by one
carrier.
International traffic was divided between two
countries flag carriers.
Prices were regulated and high, as destinations,
frequencies, capacity and even types of service and
product were subject to regulatory agreement or
approval.
Mid-20th Century
In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act established the Civil Aeronautics
Board.
This board served numerous functions, the two most significant being
determining airlines' routes of travel and regulating prices for
passenger fares.
The CAB based airfares on average costs, so because airlines couldn't
compete with each other by offering lower fares, they competed by
striving to offer the best quality service.
If the CAB found an airline's service quality was lacking on a certain
route, it would allow other carriers to begin operating on that route.
In this environment, established airlines enjoyed an advantage over
startups, as new carriers found it difficult to break into existing routes.
The Federal Aviation Agency, now known as the Federal Aviation
Administration, was created in 1958 to manage safety operations.
Deregulation In the USA
In the mid-1970s, Alfred Kahn, an economist and
deregulation advocate, became chairman of the CAB.
Around the same time, a British airline began offering
exceptionally inexpensive transatlantic flights,
awakening a desire for U.S.-based airlines to lower
their fares.
These influences led to Congress passing the Airline
Deregulation Act of 1978, ushering in an era of
unencumbered free market competition. The CAB
disbanded a few years thereafter.
Late 20th Century
Post-deregulation, new carriers rushed into the market, and new
routes directly connected cities previously accessible only via a
string of layovers.
Fares dropped as competition and the number of customers
increased.
A 1981 air traffic controllers strike brought a temporary setback to
the growth, which continued throughout the 1980s.
Some of the major carriers who had dominated the skies during
the middle portion of the century, such as Pan American and
TWA, began to collapse in the wake of competition.
Such carriers disappeared completely following the Gulf War and
subsequent recession of the early 1990s. Surviving airlines rode
out the recession and returned to record profitability by the late
1990s.
Introduction to IATA & ICAO
 IATA
The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the
world's airlines founded in 1945.

•IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba.

•It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed
in 1919 at The Hague, Netherlands. 
•At its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries.
•Much of IATA's early work was technical and IATA provided input to the newly
created International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
IATA was formed to provide international air carriers with a
mechanism to fix prices.
IATA Director-General William Hildred (1946-1966) recounted
that about 200 of the resolutions at the Rio de
Janeiro conference were related to establishing a uniform
structure for tariffs charged for international air transportation.
In the early 1950s IATA's price fixing regime forced airlines to
attempt to differentiate themselves through the quality of their
passenger experience. 
IATA responded by imposing strict limits on the quality of
airline service.
IATA Focus areas
1. Safety
IATA states that safety is its number one priority. The
main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational
Safety Audit (IOSA).
2. Simplifying the Business
Simplifying the Business was launched in 2004. This
initiative has introduced a number of crucial concepts to
passenger travel, including the electronic ticket and the
bar coded boarding pass. Many other innovations are
being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative,
including a range of self-service baggage options.
3. Environment
IATA members and all industry stakeholders have
agreed to three sequential environmental goals:
i. An average improvement in fuel efficiency of 1.5%
per annum from 2009 through 2020.
ii. A cap on net carbon emissions from aviation from
2020 (carbon-neutral growth).
iii. A 50% reduction in net aviation carbon emissions by
2050 relative to 2005 levels.
4. Services
IATA provides consulting and training services in many
areas.
Accreditation - Travel & Cargo.
Intelligence and Statistics.
Compliance Solutions.
Financial Services.
Consulting.
Safety & Flight Operations Solutions​​
IATA Codes.
Advertising.
5. Publications - standards
A number of standards are defined under the
umbrella of IATA. One of the most important is the
IATA DGR for the transport of dangerous goods
(HAZMAT) by air.
IATA Vision
Working together to shape the future growth of a safe,
secure and sustainable air transport industry that
connects and enriches our world.

IATA Mission
IATA’s mission is to represent, lead, and serve the airline
industry.
 The International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO)

ICAO is a specialized and funding agency of the United

Nations. It changes the principles and techniques of
international air navigation and fosters the planning
and development of international air transport to
ensure safe and orderly growth.
 Its headquarters is located in the Montreal, Quebec,
Canada.
In October 1947, ICAO became an agency of
the United Nations under its Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC).
As of April 2019, there are 193 ICAO members,
consisting of 192 of the 193 UN members.
ICAO Standards
ICAO also standardizes certain functions for use in the
airline industry, such as
1. The Aeronautical Message Handling System (AMHS).
2. Each country should have an accessible Aeronautical
Information Publication (AIP), based on standards
defined by ICAO, containing information essential to
air navigation
3. ICAO defines an International Standard
Atmosphere (also known as ICAO Standard
Atmosphere), a model of the standard variation of
pressure, temperature, density and viscosity with
altitude in the Earth’s atmosphere.  
Passport standards
Aerodrome reference code
Airport codes
Airline codes
Aircraft registrations
Aircraft type designators
ICAO Vision
To serve as the global forum of States for international
civil aviation. 
ICAO Mission
ICAO develops policies and Standards, undertakes
compliance audits, performs studies and analyses,
provides assistance and builds aviation capacity
through many other activities and the cooperation of
its Member States and stakeholders