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    Arpit Bansal 15 Gaurav Dave 21 Juhi Kumar 23 Kailash Kumar Sahu 24 Namrata Kaushal 32 Vikas Yadav 65

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    Vikas Yadav
    The document provides an overview of perception and the perceptual process. It discusses how perception involves receiving stimuli, selecting certain stimuli, organizing the stimuli, and interpreting them. The perceptual process involves sensation, selection, organization, and translation of stimuli. Factors that influence perception include attributes of the perceiver, the target/situation, and the context. Principles of organization discussed include figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuity, closure, and symmetry. Attribution theory and shortcuts in judging others like stereotyping and halo effects are also summarized.

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    Arpit Bansal 15 Gaurav Dave 21 Juhi Kumar 23 Kailash Kumar Sahu 24 Namrata Kaushal 32 Vikas Yadav 65

    Uploaded by

    Vikas Yadav
    38 views39 pages
    The document provides an overview of perception and the perceptual process. It discusses how perception involves receiving stimuli, selecting certain stimuli, organizing the stimuli, and interpreting them. The perceptual process involves sensation, selection, organization, and translation of stimuli. Factors that influence perception include attributes of the perceiver, the target/situation, and the context. Principles of organization discussed include figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuity, closure, and symmetry. Attribution theory and shortcuts in judging others like stereotyping and halo effects are also summarized.

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    Perception

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    The document provides an overview of perception and the perceptual process. It discusses how perception involves receiving stimuli, selecting certain stimuli, organizing the stimuli, and interpreting them. The perceptual process involves sensation, selection, organization, and translation of stimuli. Factors that influence perception include attributes of the perceiver, the target/situation, and the context. Principles of organization discussed include figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuity, closure, and symmetry. Attribution theory and shortcuts in judging others like stereotyping and halo effects are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    38 views39 pages

    Arpit Bansal 15 Gaurav Dave 21 Juhi Kumar 23 Kailash Kumar Sahu 24 Namrata Kaushal 32 Vikas Yadav 65

    Uploaded by

    Vikas Yadav
    The document provides an overview of perception and the perceptual process. It discusses how perception involves receiving stimuli, selecting certain stimuli, organizing the stimuli, and interpreting them. The perceptual process involves sensation, selection, organization, and translation of stimuli. Factors that influence perception include attributes of the perceiver, the target/situation, and the context. Principles of organization discussed include figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuity, closure, and symmetry. Attribution theory and shortcuts in judging others like stereotyping and halo effects are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Arpit Bansal Gaurav Dave Juhi Kumar Kailash Kumar Sahu Namrata Kaushal Vikas Yadav

    1 21 23 24

    3 6

    Here namrata will add a swastika signwhatever she feels correct will be inserted

    You behave the way you look at yourself in the mirror

    WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.

    PERCEPTION
    The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process through which we interpret and organize sensory information to produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship. Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

    THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS


    1.

    1.

    Sensation An individuals ability to detect stimuli in the immediate environment. Selection The process a person uses to eliminate some of the stimuli that have been sensed and to retain others for further processing.

    3.

    3.

    Organization The process of placing selected perceptual stimuli into a framework for storage. Translation The stage of the perceptual process at which stimuli are interpreted and given meaning.

    Perceptual Process Receiving Stimuli (External & Internal)

    Selecting Stimuli External factors : Nature,


    Location,Size,contrast, Movement,repetition,similarity Internal factors : Learning, needs,age,Interest,

    Interpreting Attribution ,Stereotyping, Halo Effect, Projection

    Organizing Figure Background , Perceptual Grouping ( similarity, proximity, closure, continuity)

    Response Covert: Attitudes , Motivation, Feeling Overt: Behavior

    FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION


    A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes distort perception. These factors can reside in the perceiver, in the object or target being perceived or in the context of the situation in which the perception is made.

    Factors influencing perception


    Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations

    Factors in the situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

    Perception

    Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity

    PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION
    Figure and Ground Principle of Similarity Principle of Proximity Principle of continuity Principle of Closure Principle of Symmetry

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    10

    Figure and ground

    11

    Gestalt Approach

    Figure

    Ground

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    Perception PPT for PGDM( RM) 2010

    12

    Similarity

    Continuity Proximity

    Closure

    Symmetry

    13
    13

    The Vertical lines are both the same length.

    The center circles are both the same size.

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    14

    Word Color Test

    YELLOW BLUE ORANGE BLACK RED GREEN PURPLE YELLOW RED ORANGE GREEN BLACK BLUE RED PURPLE GREEN BLUE ORANGE
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    15

    Person Perception: Making Judgments About Others

    16

    ATTRIBUTION THEORY
    When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. observation Interpretation H Distictinctiveness L H Consensus L Attribution of cause External Internal External Internal

    ndividual behavior

    H Consistency L

    Internal External
    17

    H high

    L- Low

    Distictiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situation

    Consensus Do other person Behave in the Same manner?

    Consistency Does this person behave in this same manner at other times ?

    YES Low Distinctiveness NO High Distinctiveness

    No Low Consensus Yes High Consensus

    Yes High Consistency No Low Consistency

    Internal Attribution

    xternal ttribution

    18

    SHORTCUTS IN JUDGING OTHERS

    Selective Perception : People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their interests, background, experience and attitudes.

    Halo Effect : Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a single charecteristics.

    19

    Contrast Effect : Evaluation of a persons characteristics that are effected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

    Projection : Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.

    Stereotyping : Judging someone on the basis of ones perception of the group to which that persons belongs.
    20

    Causes of Behavior
    Internal factors Personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., ability, effort) External factors Environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., task difficulty, good/bad luck)

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    21

    Kelleys Attribution Model


    Consensus Involves the comparison of an individuals behavior with that of his or her peers Low High
    Individual Performance

    Individual Performance

    E
    22
    22

    People

    People

    Kelleys Theory of Attribution


    Distinctiveness is determined by comparing a persons behavior on one task with his or her behavior on other tasks.
    Individual Performance Individual Performance

    Low

    High

    B C D Tasks

    B C D Tasks

    E
    23
    23

    Kelleys Theory of Attribution


    Consistency is determined by judging if the individuals performance on a given task is consistent over time.
    Lo w High

    Individual Performance

    Time

    Individual Performance

    Time

    24
    24

    How Kelleys Model Works


    External Attribution High consensus High distinctiveness Low consistency Internal Attribution Low consensus Low distinctiveness High consistency

    25
    25

    Test Your Knowledge


    Nadias performance is declining. Her peers performance hasnt changed, it is occurring on several tasks, and has occurred for the past six months. This represents: 1. High (A) or Low (B) consensus 2. High (A) or Low (B) distinctiveness 3. High (A) or Low (B) consistency 4. The attribution her supervisor is likely to make is a. Internal b. External

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    26

    ERRORS AND BIASES IN ATTRIBUTIONS

    Fundamental Attribution Error


    The

    tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others We blame people first, not the situation

    Self-Serving Bias
    The

    tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors It is our success but their failure

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    27

    SPECIFIC SHORTCUT APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIZATIONS

    Employment Interview Perceptual biases of raters affect the accuracy of interviewers judgments of applicants Formed in a single glance 1/10 of a second! Performance Expectations Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effect): The lower or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilities Performance Evaluations Appraisals are often the subjective (judgmental) perceptions of appraisers of another employees job performance Critical impact on employees
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    28

    U FL IN

    EN

    CE

    IN FL U

    EN C

    ES

    30

    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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    Organizational Behavior / Perception

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