Cycle 1
Cycle 1
Cycle 1
Ex:-1
Identifying the peripherals of the personal
computer
COMPUTER
Technically, a computer is a programmable machine. This
means it can execute a programmed list of instructions and
respond to new instructions that it is given. If you want to
be really technical, the box that holds the computer is called
the "system unit.“
Some of the major parts of a personal computer (or PC)
include the motherboard, CPU, memory (or RAM), hard
drive, and video card. Personal computers are the most
common type of computers .
There are several other types of computers. For example, a
"minicomputer" is a powerful computer that can support
many users at once. A "mainframe" is a large, high-
powered computer that can perform billions of calculations
from multiple sources at one time. Finally, a
"supercomputer" is a machine that can process billions of
instructions a second and is used to calculate extremely
complex calculations.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A COMPUTER
Functional components of a
computer system
Computer Hardware
desired functions .
TERMS
BIT - A logical data unit which has a possible value of 0 or 1.
BYTE - A unit of data storage consisting of 8 bits.
CYCLE - An electrical cycle is basically a sinewave form during which
electrical voltage will cycle from its lowest negative value to its
highest positive value and back again.
HERTZ - A unit of frequency describing the number of electrical
cycles that occur in a second. One hertz is one cycle per second.
Power is delivered to homes in the United States at 60Hz and in
Europe at 50Hz.
MEGABYTE(MB) - A unit of data storage consisting of about one
million bytes. This is normally used to refer to the amount of system
memory or floppy disk storage.
MEGAHERTZ(MHZ) - A unit of frequency. It is one million hertz. It
describes the clock frequency the microprocessor runs at. The larger
the number, generally the faster the microprocessor, but there are
other factors that affect microprocessor speed.
GIGABYTE(GB) - A unit of data storage consisting of about 1000
megabytes. This is normally used to refer to the amount of capacity
a hard drive has.
COMPUTER CASES
There are two basic styles of cases the computer may come
assembled in.
They are basically tower and desktop style cases.
Desktop style is in the shape of a rectangular box, that sets flat on
a desk. Usually the computer monitor is placed on top of it.
A tower case, looks similar to a tower as the name says. These
computers will be placed off to the side of the keyboard and
monitor. The tower case is the most popular style of desktop
computer today. It is also recommended by some microprocessor
manufacturers since it can be designed for better heat dissipation.
Tower cases come in several sizes which are:
1. Mini-tower - The smallest.
2. Mid-tower - The standard size, recommended for most applications
including standard desktop systems and some servers.
3. Full-tower - The largest. Usually this is a very tall case and you may
have a difficult time fitting it where overhead is limited. This case is
usually used for high powered servers.
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
CPU
RAM
Motherboard
Case with Power Supply
Types Of Drive
Floppy disk drive
Hard disk drive
CD ROM R/W drive
Input Output Devices
Keyboard & Mouse
Monitor
Video card
Sound Card
Communication Devices
Internal Modem
Ethernet card
CPU
SMPS
Fan
230 V AC
Input
230 V AC
Output
Switched-Mode PowerSupply(SMPS)
O Blu B G B B B W R R
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
O O B R B R B Gr P Y
12V 5V
GND
FLOPPY
Construction
Hard drives consist of a series of round metal plates called
platters, also called cylinders. They are coated with an
electromagnetic material which can support magnetic states
that are capable of being electrically altered. This means some
type of electrical signal can alter the magnetic polarization of
various areas of the plates. The state of these polarized areas
can also be sensed. Each platter can hold large amounts of
data. There are several platters mounted on a hard drive.
Between each platter is a head which is used to sense and
modify the states of the platter. There are two heads on each
platter.
Each platter has data stored on it in a specific pattern
for read and write access. The data is organized into
tracks which are rings around the platter. The distance
the head moves into the platter will determine which
track is read. A sector is a section of data in the
cylinder. Different hard drives have different numbers
of sectors, tracks, and platters. The total storage space
on the hard drive is traditionally equal to:
Sector size times sectors/track times tracks/cylinder
times the number of cylinders.
With more modern drives, however, to increase storage
space, some drives have more sectors on the outer
tracks than the inner tracks. This is because there is
more physical room for data on the outer tracks.
Therefore this method of calculating hard drive capacity
may not be effective in the future .
A hard drive is a mass storage device where your
operation system is installed along with many data files.
There are two types of hard drives with regard to the
controller:
IDE - Integrated Drive Electronics. A controller based
interface. If your primary concern is low price with
reasonable performance IDE is a good choice. It is still
the most popular controller interface because of price.
SCSI - SCSI uses a separate bus hooked to the system
bus using a host adapter. It is a more expensive system
than IDE, but is better built and has a great deal of
flexibility. If you are considering running a server or high
performance system, this is the best way to go. There
are several types of SCSI interface, the primary
characteristic being the width of the data transfer (how
many data bits are carried over the cable at a time). The
important item is to be sure you get compatible
controllers with your SCSI device such as your hard drive
or CD-ROM drive.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HARD DRIVES
Most hard drives have three characteristics of main importance for
performance:
Size - The size of the hard drive is expressed in terms of
Gigabytes which is roughly 1000 Megabytes. It is difficult to
buy a drive less than 4 Gb today. Typical size are 8 through 20
Gb.
Speed - The data output of a hard drive is primary limited by the
amount of time it takes for the electromagnetic head to reach
the data at specific locations on the drive. The primary factor of
limitation is hard drive rotation speed. Common speeds today
are 5400 RPM (revolutions per minute), 7200 RPM, and 10000
RPM. Considering price and performance, we currently
recommend 7200 RPM hard drives.
Reliability - The other performance factor that is worth
considering is reliability. This is expressed as mean time
between failure (MTBF) The higher the number, the better. Look
for this specification on the manufacturer's specification sheets
for each product.
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
FLOPPY DISK DRIVE
A floppy disk is a data storage medium that is composed
of a disk of thin, flexible ("floppy") magnetic storage
medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell.
Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk drive
or FDD, the initials of which should not be confused with
"fixed disk drive", which is another term for a (no
removable) type of hard disk drive. Invented by the
American information technology company IBM, floppy
disks in 8-inch (203 mm), 51⁄4 in (133 mm), and 31⁄2 in
(89 mm) formats enjoyed nearly three decades as a
popular and ubiquitous form of data storage and
exchange, from the mid-1970s to the late 1990s. While
floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially
with legacy industrial computer equipment, they have
now been largely superseded by USB flash drives,
external hard disk drives, CDs, DVDs, and memory cards
CD-ROM DRIVE
CD-WRITER
CD-ROM
One issue that will affect the operation of the motherboard is the chipset it
uses and its BIOS it uses. The chipset is used to control the interface
between the microprocessor and most of the devices and memory on the
computer. The chipset used can have a significant affect on the
performance of your system as can the overall design of the motherboard.
The way to determine the best chipsets and motherboards is to read
reviews and articles at various technical websites.
Your system's BIOS is a computer program that allows your system to
begin running and provides a small library fo function that your system will
use to interface to various devices such as your hard drive. Some BIOS
programs can limit the location on your hard drive where you can install
bootable operating systems. The BIOS resides in a chip on the motherboard
called a ROM chip. Usually part of this ROM can be reset or re programmed
with updates. ROM that can be electrically re-written this way is called
"flash" ROM.
MICROPROCESSOR
Booting:
Motherboards contain some non-volatile memory to initialize the system
and load an operating system from some external peripheral device.
Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips, mounted
in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor would
load its program counter with the address of the boot ROM and start
executing ROM instructions, displaying system information on the screen
and running memory checks, which would in turn start loading memory
from an external or peripheral device (disk drive). If none is available, then
the computer can perform tasks from other memory stores or display an
error message, depending on the model and design of the computer and
version of the BIOS.
Most modern motherboard designs use a BIOS, stored in an EEPROM chip
soldered to the motherboard, to bootstrap the motherboard. (Socketed
BIOS chips are widely used, also.)
By booting the motherboard, the memory, circuitry, and
peripherals are tested and configured. This process is
known as a computer Power-On Self Test (POST) and may
include testing some of the following devices:
floppy drive
network controller
CD-ROM drive
DVD-ROM drive
SCSI hard drive
IDE, EIDE, or SATA hard disk
External USB memory storage device
Any of the above devices can be stored with machine code
instructions to load an operating system or program.
BIOS ROM
Basic Input/Output System Computer program that is typically stored in EPROM and
used by the CPU to perform start-up procedures when the computer is turned on. Its
two major procedures are determining what peripheral devices (keyboard, mouse, disk
drives, printers, video cards, etc.) are available and loading the operating system (OS)
into main memory. After start-up, the BIOS program manages data flow between the
OS and the peripherals, so neither the OS nor the application programs need to know
the details of the peripherals (such as hardware addresses).
(Basic Input Output System) An essential set of routines that sets up the
hardware in a PC and boots the operating system. Prior to loading the
operating system, the BIOS provides basic software drivers for all peripheral
technologies that are part of the PC's motherboard, including the keyboard,
mouse, monitor and hard disk. The drivers enable the user to edit
configuration settings and allow the hardware to access the hard disk,
optical disc or floppy disk to obtain the operating system.
After the operating system is loaded, more elaborate drivers are typically
loaded, which replace the BIOS routines used to boot the system. The BIOS
also supports internal services such as the real-time clock (time and date).
The BIOS Sets Up the Computer
On startup, the BIOS tests the system and prepares the computer for
operation based on the installed hardware and the configuration settings from
the manufacturer and user. For example, it initializes memory and caches and
assigns resources to all devices connected to the PCI bus. The BIOS searches
for BIOS extensions (option ROMs) on plug-in cards and sets up pointers
(interrupt vectors) in main memory to access those routines. It then loads the
operating system and passes control to it.
Mother Board
PCI Slots
PCI
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) A high-
performance (by current standards) computer
expansion slot designed by Intel. PCI allows for 32- or
64-bit bus specification. PCI is described as high-
bandwidth and processor-independent data path
between the CPU and high-speed peripherals.
The PCI spec allows for the capability to transfer up to
132 megabytes per second at a bus clock speed of 33
MHz (although the current rates being claimed by
manufacturers are more commonly in the 30 Mb/sec
range).
This speed makes it especially suitable for high data
rate applications like digital audio and video.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is an industry
specification for connecting hardware devices to a
computer's central processor. Both Ethernet and Wi-Fi
network adapters for desktop and notebook computers
commonly utilize PCI. PCI defines the electrical
characteristics and signal protocol used for two devices
to communicate over a computer's central bus. PCI
network adapters and other devices exist in several
different shapes and sizes called "form factors."
Besides traditional Ethernet PCI cards that
manufacturers pre-install inside desktop computers,
common PCI form factors for consumer network devices
are:
Card Bus - either Wi-Fi or Ethernet PC Card (also known
as PCMCIA or "credit card") network adapters
Mini PCI - Wi-Fi network cards embedded inside notebook
computers
SOUND CARD
WI-FI CARD
A wireless network interface controller (WNIC) is a network card which
connects to a radio-based computer network, unlike a regular network
interface controller (NIC) which connects to a wire-based network such as
token ring or Ethernet. A WNIC, just like a NIC, works on the Layer 1 and
Layer 2 of the OSI Model. A WNIC is an essential component for wireless
desktop computer. This card uses an antenna to communicate through
microwaves. A WNIC in a desktop computer usually is connected using the
PCI bus. Other connectivity options are USB and PC card. Integrated WNICs
are also available, (typically in Mini PCI/PCI Express Mini Card form).
CNR Slot
Removing drives is not that difficult. They usually have a power connector and a data cable attached from the
device to a controller card or a connector on the motherboard. CD-ROMs may have an analog cable connected to
the sound card.
The power will be attached using one of two connectors, a large Molex connector or a smaller Berg connector
for the floppy drive. The Molex connector may need to be wiggled slightly from side to side while applying
gentle pressure outwards. The Berg connector may just pull straight out or it may have a small tab that has to be
lifted with a tiny flat screwdriver.
The data cables need to be documented. Remember the pin one rule. Know where each one goes before you pull
it out and record its orientation (which side is the stripe on, where is pin 1?). Pull data cables gently and
carefully. In other words, don't yank them off, and pull level and in the direction of the pins.
Now you need to do a little more inspection, can the entire drive bay be removed? Does that particular drive
come out the back of the bay or does it slide out the front before the bay is removed. If a bay is removable, you
may have to remove some screws or unclip a lever then slide the bay back and off. If the bay is not removable,
there should be access ports on the other side of the case that allow for access to those screws (there should be,
I've seen some that you just about have to remove the motherboard to access these screws). Now you can remove
the screws and slide the drive out the back of the bay. If the drive slides out the front of the case, then remove
the screws and gently slide it forward.
Removing the Memory Modules
Memory modules are one of the chips that can be damaged by as little as 30
volts. Be careful of ESD and handle them only by the edges. SIMMs and DIMMs
are removed differently:
SIMM - gently push back the metal tabs holding the SIMM in the socket. Tilt the
SIMM away from the tabs to about a 45% angle. It should now lift out. Put
each SIMM in its own protective bag.
DIMM- There are plastic tabs on the end of the DIMM socket. Push the tabs
down and away from the socket. The DIMM should lift slightly. Now you can
grab it by the edges and place it in a separate antistatic bag.
Removing the Power Supply
Make sure it's unplugged.
All power connectors should be removed, including the connection to the motherboard and
any auxiliary fans. Watch the little plastic tabs on ATX connectors (you'ld rather not break
them). AT power supplies have a two piece power connector that may be labeled P-8 and
P-9. Make note of the orientation. The black wires should be in the middle, black to black.
Remove the connection to the remote power switch at the front of the case. Orientation of
the colored wires at this switch is critical. If you remove them, make sure you document
well, and during re-assembly plug the computer into a fused surge protector before
turning it on (this could save your motherboard and components from melting if you've
reconnected improperly). If you're putting the same power supply back, it's better to
remove the entire switch and leave the connectors entact. The remote switch on an ATX
form factor attaches to the motherboard.
Remove the four screws at the back of the case and gently slide the power supply out of
the case. While removing these screws, hold onto the power supply. You don't want it
falling into the case
Removing the Motherboard
Document and remove all wire attachments to the motherboard. (Some of these
have Pin 1 designations also.)
Most cases have a removable panel that the motherboard is attached to. By
removing a couple of screws the panel can be taken off and you can gain much
better access to the motherboard. Again, a little investigation can save a lot of
trouble.
There is usually 2 or 3 screws holding down newer motherboards. Make sure you've
got the right ones and remove them.
Motherboards sit on plastic or brass standoffs that keep the traces and solder from
touching the metal case and grounding out. Once the screws are removed you can
lift the motherboard out. In other cases, the motherboard has to be slid horizontally
towards the bottom of the case to unclip the plastic standoffs and then lifted out.
Place the motherboard in an antistatic bag.
Assembling the Computer
The Power Supply
A fairly basic installation, just lineup the holes and screw it on.
Don't plug it in yet. Remember, the cable going to the remote
switch on the front of the case carries 110 volts AC. If you took
the wires off the switch, make sure you connect them just as
they were before (I hope you documented). A wrong connection
here can burn up your PC. After your power supply is installed,
do not plug it in, you may not be able to tell if the switch is on or
off and you don't want to turn the power supply on without a
load.
The RAM
DIP memory modules are the hardest to install. Luckily, it's not done
much anymore. SIMMs are inserted at about a 45 degree angle then
stoand up until they clip into place. If they don't clip in properly, maybe
you have them in backwards. They'll usually have a key cut into one
side. DIMMs are keyed on the edge connector side, they can only be
inserted one way. Once they are lined up, push them down until the
locking tabs on the side come up. You may have to support the
motherboard from underneath if it looks as though its going to flex too
much. COAST modules are also keyed on the bottom and insert much
CPU sockets aren't friction fit anymore. If you have a PGA Central
Processor (Pentium MMX or Celeron, Cyrix or AMD), it will fit into a ZIFF
(zero insertion force) socket. Pin#1 on the chip has to be lined up with
pin#1 on the socket. This can be indicated on the socket with an arrow,
a #1 silk-screened on the board, or a flattened corner. Usually the CPU
will indicate pin#1 with a flattened corner (and, or a dot on top, and, or
an arrow on the bottom center of the chip).
Unclip and lift the handle, insert the chip, lower the handle and clip it in.
If it's a Pentium II or a Pentium III, it will fit into a Slot 1 socket. These
are rectangular in shape and have 242 pins in two rows. They're keyed,
and the cartridge should only fit in one way.
The Motherboard
Most PC cases will allow you to remove the metal tray that the motherboard attaches to by
removing 2 or more screws. If you didn't do that during disassembly then you should
familiarize yourself with it now. The plastic standoffs on the motherboard are to keep the
solder-side of the board from touching the metal case and shorting out. Usually, it's better to
install the RAM and CPU first to avoid the possibility of flexing the board and cracking solder
connections or traces. Orient the motherboard properly and either clip in, or slide in the
standoffs until the mounting screw holes line up. Insert the screws that hold the board in
place.
The screws need to be snug, but do not twist them into the motherboard. You may be able to
connect the power to the system board as you install the tray. A power supply with a baby-AT
form factor will have two motherboard connectors (P8 and P9). These connectors are keyed
but can be reversed. Make sure the black wires on the two connectors are beside each other.
Clip the keyed edge in at an angle, then straighten the connector up and slide it on. ATX
power connectors slide in until the tab clicks. Once the motherboard and tray are secured in
place, you can re-install the wires for the front of the case (refer to your documentation).
At this point, you can install the video card. Do a final check on everything installed.
Re-check all installations and connections, attach and plug in the monitor. Turn the
computer on. Watch for lights on the front panel. How far does the BIOS POST
routine get? Are there any error messages? Is this expected
Once you've installed the power supply, motherboard, CPU and RAM, install the
video card, hook up the keyboard and cables and start your computer. Of course,
there's no drives installed and some expansion cards are missing, so you're going to
get errors.
But if it recognizes your video card, counts the memory and allows access to you
CMOS setup program, then you know everything installed to that point is working.
Now, turn your computer on after installing each new device. If you get an
unexpected error, then it should be due to the last device you installed .
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