Rock Forming Minerals and Igneous Rocks

Lesson 4.
Rock-Forming Minerals
The relationship between minerals and rocks is like
rocky road ice cream.
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Minerals
• It is a naturally occurring,
inorganic, homogeneous solid,
with a definite chemical
composition, and an ordered
crystalline structure.
Example of a mineral
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Physical Properties of Minerals
● Color
● Streak
● Luster
● Crystal habit
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Physical Properties of Minerals
● Cleavage
● Fracture
● Hardness
● Specific gravity
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Chemical Properties of Minerals

● Solubility
● Melting point
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Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition
Chemical Example
Description
structure Minerals
Elements Most of the minerals here are composed of only one copper, gold,
element. Having knowledge about elements enables silver, sulfur
scientists to identify bonding possibilities and
compounds that can be created.
Sulfides Minerals under these group are composed of a metal cinnabar (HgS),
joined by a sulfur. Metallic luster is the characteristic pyrite (FeS2)
that distinguish them.
Halides These are nonmetal groups which consists of chlorine, fluorite (CaF2),
ﬂuorine, bromine, and iodine as their main chemical
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Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Chemical Example
Description
structure Minerals
Oxides and These are mineral groups composed of one or more cuprite (Cu2O),
hydroxides metals joined with oxygen, water, or hydroxyl (OH–) hematite (Fe2O3)
Nitrates, It is formed when a metal is combined with carbon, malachite,

carbonates, nitrogen and boron. nitratine, borax
borates
Sulfates One or more metal is combined with a sulfate anhydrite

compound (SO4) (CaSO4)
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Rock Forming Minerals

• Quartz has a chemical composition of SiO2. It is a glass-like
hard substance with white streaks.
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• Feldspar has a chemical composition of XAlSi3O8, where X is
potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or sodium (Na).
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• Mica is soft, with hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5. It is easily
identified by its perfect cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth
flakes.
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• Pyroxene minerals have a general composition of
XY(Al,Si)2O6 where X is calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) and
Y is either magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al).
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• Amphibole has a dark color with a Mohs hardness ranging
from 5 to 6. It is opaque and has a glassy luster.
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• Olivine is a silicate mineral with a general chemical
composition of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, but calcium, manganese, and
nickel can be substituted for magnesium and iron. It occurs
as small, light green, glassy crystals. It is commonly used in
the gemstone industry as peridot.
Lesson 4.2
Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks need high rock-melting heat similar to the
temperature of the primitive earth.
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Igneous Rocks
• Igneous rocks are formed from
solidification of magma or lava
which flows out from depth.
• Minerals such as quartz, feldspar,

pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, and
mica are the components of almost
Basalt, an example of an
all types of igneous rocks. igneous rock
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Formation of Igneous Rock
• Igneous rocks are

characterized by
intergrowth of crystals
and/or volcanic glass.
Gabbro, an igneous rock

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Types of Igneous Rocks

• An extrusive igneous rock forms
when magma or volcanic fragments
erupt and solidify on Earth’s surface
which results in very fine-grained
rock with very small crystals that
could not be seen through naked
eye. The eruption of magma on
Earth’s surface produces
extrusive igneous rocks
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Types of Igneous Rocks

• An intrusive igneous rock
forms when magma
crystallizes within the crust
and is composed of
medium to coarse grains. It
is also known as a plutonic
rock.
Formation of intrusive
igneous rock
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Naming of Igneous Rocks

• Igneous rocks can be named using the binary system which
is mainly based on its texture and composition of the
rock.
Classifying igneous rocks based on texture and composition.
Composition (silica content)
Texture
Felsic Intermediate Mafic
extrusive (volcanic) rhyolite andesite basalt

Key Points
● A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid material that

has definite chemical composition.
● The physical properties of minerals are color, streak, luster,
crystal habit, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and specific gravity.
These properties are used for mineral identification.
● Solubility and melting point are chemical properties commonly
used to describe a mineral.
● The most common rock-forming minerals are quartz, feldspar,
mica, pyroxene, amphibole, and olivine.
Key Points
● Igneous rock is formed from solidification of magma or lava which

flows out from depth.
● Igneous rocks can be classified based on the temperature-

pressure condition.
● Bowen’s reaction series shows the progression of silicate

minerals crystallization at specific temperature condition.
Check Your Understanding
Write true if the statement is correct.

Otherwise, write false.
1. A mineral is a naturally-occurring substance.

2. The color of the mineral is always the same as its streak
color.
3. A huge mineral has high specific gravity.
4. Luster is the color of the powdered form of a mineral.
5. Quartz is a good example of an idiochromatic mineral.
Check Your Understanding
Identify if the given characteristic is exhibited

by intrusive or extrusive rock
1. Forms when magma or volcanic fragments erupt and

solidify on Earth’s surface.
2. With texture that can be of three different forms:
smooth, full of holes, or can be with large crystals
embedded in a fine groundmass.
3. It is also known as a plutonic rock.

Rock Forming Minerals and Igneous Rocks

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Lesson 4.

Physical Properties of Minerals

Physical Properties of Minerals

Chemical Properties of Minerals

Mineral Groups Based on Chemical Composition

Nitrates, It is formed when a metal is combined with carbon, malachite,

Sulfates One or more metal is combined with a sulfate anhydrite

Rock Forming Minerals

Rock Forming Minerals

Rock Forming Minerals

Rock Forming Minerals

Rock Forming Minerals

Rock Forming Minerals

• Minerals such as quartz, feldspar,

Formation of Igneous Rock

• Igneous rocks are

Gabbro, an igneous rock

Types of Igneous Rocks

Types of Igneous Rocks

Naming of Igneous Rocks

extrusive (volcanic) rhyolite andesite basalt

● A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, solid material that

● Igneous rock is formed from solidification of magma or lava which

● Igneous rocks can be classified based on the temperature-

● Bowen’s reaction series shows the progression of silicate

Write true if the statement is correct.

1. A mineral is a naturally-occurring substance.

Identify if the given characteristic is exhibited

1. Forms when magma or volcanic fragments erupt and

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