FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS 1

(PHY130)
CHAPTER 2:
KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION
PART 1
 Learning outcomes
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Define and distinguish between
 Scalar and vectors
 Distance and displacement
 Speed and velocity
 Instantaneous velocity, average velocity and uniform velocity

 Sketch graphs of displacement-time, velocity-time and acceleration-time.

 Determine the distance travelled, displacement, velocity and acceleration

from appropriate graphs.

 Derive and apply equations of motion with uniform acceleration

 Describe and use equations for freely falling bodies.

 For upward and downward motion, use
a = g = 9.81 m s2
 Contents:
2.1 Scalars and vectors

2.2 Linear motion parameters

2.2.1 Definition of linear motion parameter
2.2.2 Average and instantaneous velocity
2.2.3 Average instantaneous acceleration

2.3 Graph of linear motion

2.3.1 Displacement – time graph
2.3.2 Velocity – time graph

2.4 Linear motion with constant acceleration

2.5 Free fall motion

 2.1:
Scalar and Vector

Sub-topic:

Scalar.
Vectors.
 Scalar and Vector
Scalar
A scalar has only a magnitude.
Some scalar quantities:
mass, time, temperature

Vector
A vector has magnitude as well as direction.
Some vector quantities:
displacement, velocity, force, momentum

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 Exercise 2.1

Classify these following physical quantities in

term of scalar or vector quantity.
Physical quantities Scalar or vector
Speed
Velocity
Weight
Work
Distance

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 2.2:
Linear Motion Parameters
Sub-topic:
2.2.1 Definition of linear motion parameter
2.2.2 Average and instantaneous velocity
2.2.3 Average instantaneous acceleration
 Displacement and Distance
Displacement, s
– The shortest distance of the object from point O to P in a
specific direction.
– Unit: metre (m)
– Type of Quantity: Vector quantity

Distance, d or x
– The total length of object travel.
– Unit: metre (m)
– Type of Quantity: Scalar quantity

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 Example: Distance vs Displacement
                                                                                             

200 m

nt
120 m e
em
c distance
pla    
s
di

                           
Distance traveled = 200 m
Displacement = 120 m, in the direction of Northeast
 Velocity, average velocity and Instantaneous
velocity
• Average Velocity, vave
– Velocity is the rate of change in displacement.
– Unit: ms-1
– Type of quantity: Vector quantity
– Formula:
change of displaceme nt s
vave  
time taken t

Where,
v = velocity
s = displacement
t = time taken

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• Instantaneous velocity
– Is its velocity at a particular instant or time.
s ds
vinst  lim Hence, vinst 
s  0 t dt

– Example:
• If car travels from KL to Penang. One can calculate average
speed/velocity over the whole journey.
• But what is its velocity at Ipoh or at km 199 or at any
particular place along the journey?

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 Acceleration
• Average Acceleration, aave
– When the velocity of an object changes, the object is said to be
accelerating.
– Acceleration is the rate of velocity change.
– Unit: ms-2
– Type of quantity: Vector quantity
– Formula:

change of velocity v
aave  
time taken t

• Negative acceleration – denotes slowing down process or braking

• Negative acceleration also known as deceleration
• Zero acceleration, a = 0 means there is no change in the velocity or
constant velocity (or it could also mean object is not moving )
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Instantaneous acceleration
Is its acceleration at a particular instant or time.
Formula:
dv
ainst 
dt

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 Exercise 2.2
1. A rolling ball moves from x1 = 3.4 cm to x2 = - 4.2 cm during
the time from t1 = 3.0 s to t2 = 6.1 s. What is its average
velocity?
(Ans: 2.45 x 10-2 m/s to the left)

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 Exercise 2.3
1) A sports car accelerates from rest to 95 km/h in 6.2 s. What is
its average acceleration in m/s2.
(Ans: 4.26 m/s2)

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 2.3:
Graph of Linear Motion

Sub-topic:
2.2.1 Displacement – time graph
2.2.2 Velocity – time graph
 Graphical method
• Motion of object can be explain better by using graphs.

– Displacement – time graph

• Velocity were found by calculate the gradient.

– Velocity – time graph

• Acceleration were found by calculate the gradient.
• Displacement were found from area under the graph.

– Acceleration – time graph

• Velocity were found from area under the graph.

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Displacement – time graph Velocity– time graph
x (m)
v (ms-1)

B B

dx dv
A A
dt Time dt Time
(s) (s)

Velocity A  B  gradient or slope Acceleration A  B  gradient or slope

x v
v AB  a AB 
t t
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 Velocity – time graph
Velocity (ms-1)

Shaded area represent

displacement
B C

Displacement = Area under the graph

A
Time (s)

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 Explanation of graph

Velocity (ms-1)
Graph 1
Positive - Velocity increases uniformly as
slope /
gradient time increases.
- positive acceleration.

Time (s) - constant acceleration.

Velocity (ms-1)
Graph 2
Positive slope - Velocity increases not uniformly
increasing
as time increases.
- positive acceleration.
Time (s)
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Velocity (ms-1) Graph 3
- Velocity decreases uniformly as
Negative
slope time increases.
- negative acceleration.
- constant acceleration.
Time (s)

Velocity (ms-1) Graph 4

- Velocity does not change as
Zero slope
time increases
- constant velocity
- zero acceleration
Time (s)

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 Graph 5

Velocity (ms-1)
- Velocity increases uniformly from A
C
to B and then remains constant from
B
B to C.
- acceleration is constant from A to B
and then zero acceleration from B to
A Time (s) C.

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 Exercise 2.4:
1. Determine
a) Acceleration AB and BC. (Ans: 0.6 ms-2, 0 ms-2)
b) Distance AC from the graph below. (Ans: 150 m)

Velocity (ms-1)

B C
6

A
Time (s)
0 10 20 30
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Solution:

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 Exercise 2.5
1. A car accelerates at 2 ms-2 from rest. When it reaches a
maximum speed of 40 ms-1, it immediately decelerates
at a constant rate for 10 s until it stops.
a) Draw a velocity-time graph for the car’s motion.
b) Determine the total distance covered by the car.
(Ans: 600 m)

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