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    Shivangi Srivastava

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    Shivangi Srivastava

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    Shivangi Srivastava
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    131 views15 pages

    Shivangi Srivastava

    Uploaded by

    Shivangi Srivastava

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    A presentation on​

    Mini Project Title​


    C++
    Presented by
    Shivangi Srivastava         1901200100106
    Under the guidance of
    Dr. Shachi Mall (Associate Professor)
    Mrs. Aaisha Khatun (Assistant Professor)
    Dept. Of Computer Science and Engineering
    Institute of Technology and Management, Gida, Gorakhpur
    Date – 15-12-2021

    Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow


    Contents
    • Why C++?
    • C vs. C++
    • Design goals of C++
    • Programming paradigm
    • What is object-oriented?
    • A simple C++ program
    • Data types
    • Memory allocation
    • The big four
    • C++ functions mechanisms
    • Constant variable
    • Exceptions
    Why C++?
    • Popular and relevant (used in nearly every application domain):
    – end-user applications (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Photoshop, Acrobat,
    Quicken, games)
    – operating systems (Windows 9x, NT, XP; IBM’s K42; some Apple OS X)
    – large-scale web servers/apps (Amazon, Google)
    – central database control (Israel’s census bureau; Amadeus; Morgan-
    Stanley financial modeling)
    – communications (Alcatel; Nokia; 800 telephone numbers; major
    transmission nodes in Germany and France)
    – numerical computation / graphics (Maya)
    – device drivers under real-time constraints
    • Stable, compatible, scalable
    C vs. C++
    • C++ is C incremented
    (orig., “C with classes”)
    • C++ is more expressive
    (fewer C++ source lines needed than C source lines for same program)
    • C++ is just as permissive
    (anything you can do in C can also be done in C++)
    • C++ can be just as efficient
    (most C++ expressions need no run-time support;
    C++ allows you to
    – manipulate bits directly and interface with hardware without regard for safety
    or ease of comprehension, BUT
    – hide these details behind a safe, clean, elegant interface)
    • C++ is more maintainable
    (1000 lines of code – even brute force, spaghetti code will work;
    100,000 lines of code – need good structure, or new errors will be
    introduced as quickly as old errors are removed)
    Design goals of C++
    • Backward compatibility with C
    (almost completely – every program in K&R is a C++ program –
    but additional keywords can cause problems)
    • Simplicity, elegance
    (few built-in data types, e.g., no matrices)
    • Support for user-defined data types
    (act like built-in types; N.B. Standard Template Library (STL))
    • No compromise in efficiency, run-time or memory
    (unless “advanced features” used)
    • Compilation analysis to prevent accidental corruption
    of data
    (type-checking and data hiding)
    • Support object-oriented style of programming
    Programming paradigms
    • procedural – implement algorithms via
    functions (variables, functions, etc.)
    • modular – partition program into modules
    (separate compilation)
    • object-oriented – divide problem into classes
    (data hiding, inheritance)
    • abstract – separate interface from
    implementation (abstract classes)
    • generic – manipulate arbitrary data types
    (STL: containers, algorithms)
    What is object-oriented?
    • Encapsulation
    “black box” – internal data hidden

    • Inheritance © SDC

    related classes share implementation


    and/or interface
    • Polymorphism
    ability to use a class without knowing its type
    “C++ is an object-oriented language” =
    C++ provides mechanisms that support object-oriented style of
    programming
    A simple C++ program
    #include <iostream> // std::cout
    #include <cstdio> // printf

    int main()
    {
    int a = 5; // 'a' is L-value
    float b = 0.9f;
    printf("Hello world %d %3.1f \n", a, b);
    std::cout << "Hello world" << a << " "
    << b << " " << std::endl;
    return 0;
    }
    Data types
    • bool (true  1, false  0)
    INTEGRAL • char (could be signed or unsigned
    – implementation-defined)
    • int (signed by default)
    ARITHMETIC • double
    • void (“pseudo-type”)
    • enum
    USER-DEFINED • class
    • also short, long, struct, float,
    wchar_t, etc.)

    Do not rely on sizes of these!


    (Implementation-dependent)
    Memory allocation
    • “on the stack”
    – block delimited by {}
    – object alive till it falls out of scope
    – calls constructor / destructor
    • “on the heap”
    – new and delete replace malloc, calloc, free
    – object exists independently of scope in which it was created
    – also “on the free store” or “allocated in dynamic memory”
    – be careful: new  delete, new[]  delete[]
    – for safety, same object should both allocate and deallocate
    • “local static store”
    void foo() {
    static int i=0;
    }
    The big four
    • By default, each class has four methods:
    – constructor Date();
    – destructor ~Date();
    – copy constructor
    Date(const Date& other);
    – assignment operator
    Date& operator=(const Date& other);
    • These call the appropriate functions on each
    member variable
    • Be careful: If this is not what you want, then
    either override or disallow (by making private)
    C++ function mechanisms
    • Overloaded function names
    – Cleaner and safer
    print(int);
    print(float);
    – But beware
    print(int); print(int*); print(0);
    • Default parameters
    void print(int a, int b=0, int c=0);
    • Operator overloading
    Matrix& operator+=(const Matrix& other);
    • Implicit conversion operator
    operator int() const {} // converts to int
    – Provides convenient syntax, but potentially dangerous so use
    sparingly
    Constant Variable
    • Const prevents object from being modified (orig., readonly)
    • Avoid magic numbers
    char a[128];
    const int maxn = 128;
    char a[maxn];
    • Logical constness vs. physical constness
    • Const is your friend; use it extensively and consistently
    • can cast away constness, but be sure to use mutable
    • const pointers:
    – const int * const ptr = &a[0]; // const ptr to a const int
    – int const * const ptr = &a[0]; // ”
    – int * const p2 = &a[0]; // const ptr to an int
    – const int * p1 = &a[0]; // ptr to a const int
    – int const * p2 = &a[0]; // ”
    Exceptions
    • Error handling in C++:
    – try-catch blocks safer
    – separate “real code” from error handling code
    void Func() {
    try {
    OpenDevice();
    SetParams();
    } catch (const MyException& e) {
    e.ReportToUser();
    } catch (...) {
    abort(1);
    }
    }

    void OpenDevice()
    {
    if (bad) throw MyException(“Cannot open device”);
    }
    THANK YOU

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