The Rise of Nationalism in

Europe
What is Nationalism?
• A feeling of love and pride for your own country
• Sense of collective belongingness
• Common identity
• Common descent or History
 • People of Europe and America- men and
women- of all ages and social classes
marching in a long train.
• Offering homage(respect) to the Statue of
Liberty
• Artists of the time of the French Revolution
personified Liberty as a female figure –
here you can recognise the torch of
Enlightenment she bears in one hand and
the Charter of the Rights of Man in the
other.
• On the earth in the foreground of the
Fig. 1 — The Dream of Worldwide Democratic and
Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations, a image lie the shattered remains of the
print prepared by Frédéric Sorrieu, 1848. symbols of absolutist institutions
• In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of
the world are grouped as distinct nations,
identified through their flags and national
costume
• Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are
the United States and Switzerland,
• Followed by France, identifiable by the revolutionary
tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is followed by the
peoples of Germany, bearing the black, red and gold flag.
• Following the German peoples are the peoples of Austria,
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England,
Ireland, Hungary and Russia.
• From the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels gaze upon
the scene.
• They have been used by the artist to symbolise fraternity
among the nations of the world.
Concept of Modern State and Nation State
• In a modern state, a centralized power exercised
sovereign control over a clearly defined territory
• A nation state, is one in which the majority of its
citizens, and only its rulers, come to develop a sense
of common identity and shared history or descent
• This commonness did not exist from time immemorial
• It was created through struggles, through the actions
of leaders and the common people.
Difference between nation state and modern state
•  NATION STATE
• In a nation state, citizens came to develop a common identity based on shared language,
traditions and customs.
• The nation is cultural identity that is shared by the people, and the state is the governing
administration.
• The nation state is a system of organization defined by geography, politics, and culture.
• A nation state must have a shared national identity, physical borders, and a single
government.
• MODERN STATE:
• In modern states, people speaking different languages, following various traditions and
cultures live together. Nations states have now developed as modern states
• Modern states are ruled by a centralised power and authority.
Let’s recap:
• Who was Frederic Sorrieu?
• In which year did Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four prints?
• Why did Frederic Sorrieu present a utopian vision in his prints?
• Which nation was identifiable by revolutionary tricolor in Sorrieu’s
utopian vision?
• What was Frederic Sorrieu’s utopian vision? Who was leading the
procession past the Statue of Liberty?
• Differentiate between the concept of a modern state and a nation
state. How did the sense of common identity develop in Europe?
Summarise the attributes of a
nation, as Renan understands
them. Why, in his view, are
nations important?
The French
Revolution and the
Idea of the Nation
The French Revolution and the Idea of the
Nation
The first clear expression of Nationalism
came with the French Revolution in 1789
• The political and constitutional
changes that came in the wake of the
French Revolution led to the transfer
of sovereignty from the monarchy to
a body of French citizens
• The revolution proclaimed that it was
the people who would henceforth
constitute the nation and shape its
destiny.
Measures & practices to create a sense of
collective identity amongst French people
• The ideas of La Patrie
(the Fatherland) and Le
Citoyen (the Citizen)
emphasised the notion
of a united community
enjoying equal rights
under a constitution.
New French Flag, the triclour to replace
the former Royal standard
The Estates General was elected by the body of active
citizens and renamed the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs
commemorated, all in the name of the NATION
A centralized administrative system was put in
place and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens within its territory
Internal CUSTOM DUTIES and dues were
abolished and a UNIFORM SYSTEM OF
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES was adopted
Regional dialects
were discouraged
and FRENCH, as it
was spoken and
written in PARIS ,
Became the
NATIONAL
LANGUAGE OF
FRANCE
And…
•The revolutionaries further declared
that it was the mission and the destiny
of the French nation to liberate the
peoples of Europe from despotism, in
other words to help other peoples of
Europe to become nations
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
• If you look at the map of mid-eighteenth-century Europe you will find
that there were no ____________
nation states (nation states/modern states) as
we know them today.
• Eastern and Central Europe were under autocratic monarchies within
diverse
the territories of which lived _________(similar/diverse) peoples.
Austria-Hungary for example,
• The Habsburg Empire that ruled over_____________,
was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples.
• Such differences did not easily promote a sense of political unity. The
only tie binding these diverse groups together was a common
emperor
allegiance to the______________
The Making of Nationalism in Europe
• 2.1 The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
• 2.2 What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
• 2.3 A New Conservatism after 1815
• 2.4 The Revolutionaries
2.1 The Aristocracy and the New Middle
Class
aristocracy
• Socially and politically, a landed _______________ was the dominant
class on the continent.
French
• They spoke __________ for purposes of diplomacy and in high
society.
peasantry
• The majority of the population was made up of the _____________.
• What was the difference between the farming culture of the
west and that of the east and central Europe?
• What was the difference between the industrial sector of the
west and that of the east and central Europe?
2.2 What did Liberal Nationalism Stand
for?
• Politically:
• For the new middle classes liberalism stood for freedom for the individual
and equality of all before the law.
• Emphasised the concept of government by consent.
• Yet, equality before the law did not necessarily stand for universal suffrage
• Since the French Revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy
and clerical privileges, a constitution and representative government
through parliament.
• Nineteenth-century liberals also stressed the inviolability of private
property.
2.2 What did Liberal Nationalism Stand
for?
• In the economic sphere:
• Liberalism stood for the freedom of markets
• Abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods
and capital.
Let us take the example of the German-
speaking regions in the first half of the
nineteenth
•
century
Napoleon’s administrative measures had created out of countless small principalities a
confederation of 39 states.
• Each of these possessed its own currency, and weights and measures.
• A merchant travelling in 1833 from Hamburg to Nuremberg to sell his goods would have had to
pass through 11 customs barriers and pay a customs duty of about 5 per cent at each one of
them.
• Duties were often levied according to the weight or measurement of the goods.
• As each region had its own system of weights and measures, this involved time-consuming
calculation.
• The measure of cloth, for example, was the elle which in each region stood for a different
length.
• An elle of textile material bought in Frankfurt would get you 54.7 cm of cloth, in Mainz 55.1 cm,
in Nuremberg 65.6 cm, in Freiburg 53.5 cm.