ACID BASE THEORY by FS Shah

ACID-BASE THEORY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
FAROOQUE S.SHAH
Content
What is Acid and Base

Different Acid and Base theory
Arrhenius Theory
Bronsted-lowry Theory
Lewis Theory
Common household acids
Stearic acid
Latic acid
Acetylsalicylic acid
Ethanoic acid
Citric Acid
Some Common Acid Use In Laboratory
ACID
 Hydrochloric acid = HCL

 Nitric Acid = HNO3
 Sulphuric Acid = H2SO4
 Phosphoric acid = H3PO4
 Succinic Acid = C4H2O4
Common Household Bases
Magnesium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
Ammonia
Calcium Hydroxide
Some Common Acid Use In Laboratory
BASE
 Sodium Hydroxide = NaOH

 Calcium Hydroxide = Ca(OH)2
 Ammonia = NH3
 Sodium Carbonate = Na2CO3
Properties of Acids and Bases
ACIDS BASES
● Have a sour taste ● Have a bitter taste
● Change the color of many ● Change the color of many
indicators indicators
● Are corrosive (react with ● Have a slippery feeling
metals) ● Neutralize acids
● Conduct an electric current
● Neutralize bases
● Conduct an electric current
three main theories in use today are
The water or Arrhenius Theory

The proton or Bronsted – Lowry Theory
The Electronic or Lewis Theory
Arrhenius Theory
Arrhenius of Acid
An acid dissociates to yield H+
Base as a Hydroxyl Compound
ionizing in water
HCL H+ + Cl-
Svante August Arrhenius

19 February 1859
Arrhenius Theory
Arrhenius of Base
A base dissociates to yield OH-
Base as a Hydroxyl Compound
ionizing in water
NaOH Na+ + OH-
Svante August Arrhenius

19 February 1859
THE SALTS SO FORMED AY BE
CLASSIFIED INTO FOUR MAIN GROUPS
1. those derived from strong acids and strong bases

2. those derived from weak acids and strong bases
3. those derived from strong acids and weak bases
4. those derived from weak acids and weak bases
Strong and Weak Acid
Strong acid is one which dissociates fully in water
Example: HCl,H2SO4, HNO3
Weak acid is one which does not dissociates fully in water
Example: CH3COOH, HCOOH, HCN

Strong and Weak Base
Strong Base is one which dissociates fully in water
Example: NaOH , KOH, LiOH
Strong Base is one which do not dissociates fully in water

Example: NaOH,KOH, LiOH
Limitations of Arrhenius Theory
o The acids and bases must be in aqueous solutions (i.e. water).This
prevents the use of other solvents benzene.
o Not all acid – base reactions are in solution, e.g. ammonia gas and
hydrogen chloride gas produce ammonium chloride.
o According to Arrhenius, the salt produced should not be acidic or
basic. This is not always the case, for example in the above reaction
ammonium chloride is slightly acidic.

Brǿnsted-Lowry Theory
In 1923, Johannes Brønsted (a

Danish chemist) and Thomas Lowry
(an English chemist) proposed new
definitions of acids and bases
Brønsted and Lowry had worked
Thomas Martin Low
ry
independently of each other but they Johannes Nicolaus
Brønsted
both arrived at the same definitions
Definition of acid and base according to Bronsted and Lowry
An acid is a substance that donates protons (hydrogen ions).
A base is a substance that accepts protons.
ACID BASE AS PER BRONSTED – LOWRY
HCl(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

ACID BASE AS PER BRONSTED – LOWRY
H3PO4 + NO2-  HNO2 + H2PO4-

Acid Base c. acid c. base
CN- + HCO3-  HCN + CO32-

Base Acid c. Base c. Acid
Amphoteric Substances
As can be seen from the previous two examples, water is
capable of acting as both and acid and a base
A substance that can act as both an acid

and a base (depending on what it is
reacting with) is termed AMPHOTERIC
Water.
The Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases
Lewis acid: a substance that can
accept an electron pair to form a
covalent bond (electron pair
acceptor).
Lewis base: a substance that can

donate an electron pair to form a
covalent bond (electron pair Gilbert N. Lewis
donor).
Example:1 Acid-Base
Ionization of NH3:
NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH-
Base Acid +
H
.. H
..
..
H N H + H ..
O H  H N H +
..
O H
H
Example:2 Acid-Base
Auto-ionization of water:
H2O + H2O  H3O+ + OH-
+
acid
base
.. .. .. ..
H ..
O H + H ..
O H  H O H +
..
O H
H
Example:2 Acid-Base
Reaction of NH3 with HBr (a Lewis AND a Bronsted-

Lowry acid-base reaction):NH3 + HBr  NH4+ + Br-
base acid +
H
.. H
.. -
 H N H +
..
N H + H ..
Br
..
Br
H
SUMMARY OF ACID-BASE THEORIES
Theory Acid Definition Base Definition
Arrhenius Any substance which Any substance which

releases H+ ions in releases OH- ions in water
Theory water solution. solution
Brǿnsted- Any substance which Any substance which

donates a proton accepts a proton (H+).
Lowry Theory (H+).
Lewis Theory Any substance which Any substance which can

can accept an donate an electron pair.
electron pair.
THANKS
ALL OF YOU

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ACID-BASE THEORY

What is Acid and Base

 Hydrochloric acid = HCL

 Sodium Hydroxide = NaOH

The water or Arrhenius Theory

Svante August Arrhenius

Svante August Arrhenius

1. those derived from strong acids and strong bases

Weak acid is one which does not dissociates fully in water

Example: CH3COOH, HCOOH, HCN

Strong Base is one which do not dissociates fully in water

prevents the use of other solvents benzene.

hydrogen chloride gas produce ammonium chloride.

o According to Arrhenius, the salt produced should not be acidic or

ammonium chloride is slightly acidic.

In 1923, Johannes Brønsted (a

HCl(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

H3PO4 + NO2-  HNO2 + H2PO4-

CN- + HCO3-  HCN + CO32-

A substance that can act as both an acid

Lewis base: a substance that can

Reaction of NH3 with HBr (a Lewis AND a Bronsted-

Arrhenius Any substance which Any substance which

Brǿnsted- Any substance which Any substance which

Lewis Theory Any substance which Any substance which can

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