Lesson 2, Modulation and Multiplexing Techniques

Lesson 2, Modulation and
Multiplexing Techniques
Lesson 2, Modulation and Multiplexing
Techniques
Milestones in the history of electronic communication.

Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
• Types of Electronic Communication system
• One way (simplex) or two way (full duplex or half duplex)
• The simplest way in which electronic communication is
conducted is one-way communications, normally referred to as
simplex communication
Techniques
Techniques
• The bulk of electronic communication is two-way, or duplex
communication. Typical
• For example, people communicating with one another over the
telephone can talk and listen simultaneously,
• The form of two-way communication in which only one party
transmits at a time is known as half duplex communication
• The communication is two-way, but the direction alternates: the
communicating parties take turns transmitting and receiving.
Techniques
Techniques
• Modulation and Multiplexing
• Modulation and multiplexing are electronic techniques for
transmitting information efficiently from one place to another.
• Modulation makes the information signal more compatible with
the medium, and multiplexing allows more than one signal to
be transmitted concurrently over a single medium.
Techniques
• Before it can be transmitted, the information or intelligence must
be converted to an electronic signal compatible with the
medium.
• For example, a microphone changes voice signals (sound
waves) into an analog voltage of varying frequency and
amplitude.
• A video camera generates an analog signal that represents the
light variations along one scan line of the picture.
Techniques
• This analog signal is usually transmitted over a coaxial cable.
• Binary data is generated by a keyboard attached to a computer.
Techniques
• Modulation at transmitter
Techniques
• Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation
Techniques
• Amplitude modulation is a modulation technique where the
amplitude of a carrier varies depending on the information
signal.
• AM radio broadcast signals use lower carrier frequencies, which
helps them travel long distances.
• Sometimes AM signals can be able to bounce off the
ionosphere. The distance travelled by the AM is much larger
than the FM.
Techniques
• Frequency Modulation
• the carrier wave frequency is modified according to the signal
that carries information. The radio signals have large bandwidth
than AM radio signals, which helps to offer much better sound
quality.
Techniques
Techniques
Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM)
The first successful audio transmission was Developed in 1930 by Edwin Armstrong, in the
carried out in the mid-1870s United States
The radio wave is called a carrier wave, and the The radio wave is called a carrier wave, but the
frequency and phase remain the same amplitude and phase remain the same
Has poor sound quality, but can transmit longer
Has higher bandwidth with better sound quality
distance
The frequency range of AM radio varies from 535 The frequency range of FM is 88 to 108 MHz in
to 1705 kHz the higher spectrum
More susceptible to noise Less susceptible to noise
Techniques
• Recovering the intelligence signal at the receiver.
Techniques
• Multiplexing is the process of allowing two or more signals to
share the same medium or channel;
• There are three basic types of multiplexing: frequency division,
time division, and code division.
Techniques
• Multiplexing at the transmitter.
Techniques
• Demultiplexing at the receiver.
Techniques
Techniques
• The wavelength of a signal, which is represented by the Greek
letter λ (lambda), is computed by dividing the speed of light by
the frequency f of the wave in hertz:
• λ 5 300,000,000/f. For example, the wavelength of a 4,000,000-
Hz signal is
λ 5 300,000,000 m/s /4,000,000 = 75 m
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
Techniques
• Bandwidth (BW) is that portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum occupied by a signal. It is also the frequency range
over which a receiver or other electronic circuit operates.
Techniques
Techniques
• Standards are specifications and guidelines that companies,
and individuals follow to ensure compatibility between
transmitting and receiving equipment in communication
systems.
• Standards are detailed outlines of principles of operation,
blueprints for construction, and methods of measurement that
define communication equipment.
Techniques
• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)—www.ansi.org
• Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)—www.eia.org
• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)—
www.etsi.org
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)—www.ieee.org
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU)—www.itu.org
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)—www.ietf.org
• Optical Internetworking Forum (IF)—www.oiforum.com
• Telecommunications Institute of America (TIA)—www.tiaonline.org

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Lesson 2, Modulation and

Milestones in the history of electronic communication.

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