POSSIBILITY

BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR HIGH SCHOO

ABM | STEM | HUMSS
POSSIBILITY

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
M R . J O M A R J E PA & M S . S H E E N A
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

MACALINAO

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

OBJECTIVES:
Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their
control points
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

Discuss crossing over and recombination in meiosis

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF POSSIBILITY

PARO PARO G

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

CELL
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

CYCLE
-complex sequence of event (cell grow &
divide)

THE PHASES
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

CELL CYCLE
-series of four distinct phases.
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

-Mitotic phase (M) and the G1, S,

G2 phases or the interphase.

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE

TWO MAIN DIVISION
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

1.INTERPHASE
2.MITOTIC PHASE

PHASES OF THE CELLSENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

POSSIBILITY

1. Interphase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

PHASES OF THE
CELL CYCLE SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

INTERPHASE
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

- Cell doubles its cytoplasm and

synthesizes DNA.
-spends about 90-95 percent of its
time in this phase.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

INTERPHASE- G1 Phase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

G1 phase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

-BEFORE synthesis of DNA

-cell increases in mass and organelle
number
- animal cells (diploid)
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 INTERPHASE- S Phase
POSSIBILITY
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

S phase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

- DURING which DNA synthesized.

- chromosome content is doubled in
this phase.

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 INTERPHASE- G2 Phase
POSSIBILITY
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

G2 phase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

- AFTER DNA synthesis

- occurred but before the start of
mitosis.
- cell synthesizes additional proteins;
increase in size. SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

2. Mitotic Phase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 STAGES OF MITOSIS
POSSIBILITY

1. Prophase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

2. Metaphase
3. Anaphase
4. Telophase

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

STAGES OF MITOSIS- Prophase

BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Prophase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

The chromatin condenses into discrete

chromosomes. The chromosomes begin to
migrate toward the cell center. The nuclear
envelope breaks down and spindle fibers
form at opposite poles of the cell.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

STAGES OF MITOSIS- Metaphase

BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Metaphase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

- nuclear membrane disappears

completely.
- spindle fully develops
- chromosomes align at the membrane
plate
(equally distant from the two poles). SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

STAGES OF MITOSIS- Anaphase

BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Anaphase-paired
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

-chromosomes separate, begin moving to

opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
-spindle fibers not connected to chromatids
lengthen and elongate the cell.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

STAGES OF MITOSIS- Telophase

BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Telophase
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

-chromosomes are cordoned off into distinct

new nuclei
-genetic content divided equally into two
parts.
-(Cytokinesis)
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

CELL CYCLE and

MEIOSIS
- Organisms that reproduce sexually
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

also undergo a type of cell division

called meiosis.

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 MEIOSIS
POSSIBILITY
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

Stages of Meiosis
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SPERM
CELL
- haploid

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF POSSIBILITY

- haploid
EGG
CELL

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF POSSIBILITY

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 STAGES OF MEIOSIS
POSSIBILITY
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

Prophase I SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

MEIOSIS- Prophase I
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

PROPHASE I
- initially four chromatids; two
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

chromosomes for each 23 chromosome

pairs.
- nuclear envelope disintegrates
- chromosomes begin to condense
- spindle fibers appear. SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

MEIOSIS- Metaphase I
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

METAPHASE I
-maternal and paternal version of
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

chromosome align along the equator of the

cell. (homologous cell)
- when maternal and paternal chromosomes
line up randomly align themselves on either
side of the equator. (independent assortment
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

MEIOSIS- Anaphase I
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

ANAPHASE I
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

-homologous chromosomes pulled towards

opposite poles of the cell
-(spindle fiber) retract and divide DNA
between 2 cell.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

MEIOSIS- Telophase I and Cytokinesis I

BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

TELOPHASE I AND
CRYTOKENESIS I
-nuclear envelope reforms
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

-spindle fibers disappear.

Cytokinesis I- cytoplasm and cell

divide (two cells- haploid).
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF
MEIOSIS- Prophase II

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Prophase II
• Chromosome condense
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

• Nuclear envelop break down (if needed)

• Centrosome move apart; spindle fiber form between
• Spindle microtubules begin to capture chromosomes

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

MEIOSIS- Metaphase II
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Metaphase II
- Chromosome line up in single file along equator of the
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

cell.

-in contrast with Metaphase I- homologous pair

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

MEIOSIS-Anaphase II
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Anaphase II
- Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite pole of equator
(Separation)
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

- marks as final division of DNA

- Unlike 1st division (equational division)- cell end up with
same quantity of chromosome as when the division started,
but with no copies.

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 MEIOSIS- Telophase II
POSSIBILITY
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Telophase II
- Cell is now divided into two
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

- Chromosomes are on opposite end

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

Crossing Over and Recombination

BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF POSSIBILITY

Crossing over
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF POSSIBILITY

Crossing over
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

CROSSING OVER
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

-swapping of genetic material (sex

cells.)
- During the formation of egg and
sperm cells, also known as meiosis.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF POSSIBILITY

Recombination
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY

RECOMBINATION
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

process which pieces of DNA are

broken and recombined to produce
new combinations of alleles.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
CROSSING OVER AND
RECOMBINATION IN MEIOSIS
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
CROSSING OVER AND
RECOMBINATION IN MEIOSIS
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

1. Genetic recombination happens

during Meiosis it gives the correct
number of chromosomes.

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
CROSSING OVER AND
RECOMBINATION IN MEIOSIS
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

2. The chromosomes may break, and each

may swap a portion of its genetic material for
the matching portion from its mate. This form
of recombination is called crossing-over.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
CROSSING OVER AND
RECOMBINATION IN MEIOSIS
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

3. Tracking the movement of genes

during crossing-over helps geneticists
determine roughly how far apart two
genes are on a chromosome.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
CROSSING OVER AND
RECOMBINATION IN MEIOSIS
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

3. Genes that tend to stay together

during recombination are said to be
linked. Sometimes, one gene in a linked
pair serves as a “marker”.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
CROSSING OVER AND
RECOMBINATION IN MEIOSIS
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

4. After the chromosomes separate, they

are parceled out into individual sex
cells. Each chromosome moves
independently (independent
assortment).
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
CROSSING OVER AND
RECOMBINATION IN MEIOSIS
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

5. After the chromosomes separate, they

are parceled out into individual sex
cells. Each chromosome moves
independently (independent
assortment).
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
POSSIBILITY
CROSSING OVER AND
RECOMBINATION IN MEIOSIS
BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF

6. Assortment takes place for each

of the 23 pairs of human
chromosomes.
SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL
 BELIEVE IN THE POWER OF POSSIBILITY

SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL