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    Instances of Cohesion in A Literary Text

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    Mohammad Rashid Richmind
    The document summarizes key aspects of cohesion in literary texts. It defines cohesion as the ways in which texts are connected through grammatical or lexical elements. Cohesion occurs when the interpretation of an element depends on another element, presupposing it. The document then provides examples from Thomas Hardy's "Return of the Native" that demonstrate various types of lexical cohesion, including the use of synonyms, hyponyms, and related words to tie together meanings across sentences.

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    Instances of Cohesion in A Literary Text

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    Mohammad Rashid Richmind
    28 views9 pages
    The document summarizes key aspects of cohesion in literary texts. It defines cohesion as the ways in which texts are connected through grammatical or lexical elements. Cohesion occurs when the interpretation of an element depends on another element, presupposing it. The document then provides examples from Thomas Hardy's "Return of the Native" that demonstrate various types of lexical cohesion, including the use of synonyms, hyponyms, and related words to tie together meanings across sentences.

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    Instances of Cohesion in a Literary Text

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    The document summarizes key aspects of cohesion in literary texts. It defines cohesion as the ways in which texts are connected through grammatical or lexical elements. Cohesion occurs when the interpretation of an element depends on another element, presupposing it. The document then provides examples from Thomas Hardy's "Return of the Native" that demonstrate various types of lexical cohesion, including the use of synonyms, hyponyms, and related words to tie together meanings across sentences.

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    28 views9 pages

    Instances of Cohesion in A Literary Text

    Uploaded by

    Mohammad Rashid Richmind
    The document summarizes key aspects of cohesion in literary texts. It defines cohesion as the ways in which texts are connected through grammatical or lexical elements. Cohesion occurs when the interpretation of an element depends on another element, presupposing it. The document then provides examples from Thomas Hardy's "Return of the Native" that demonstrate various types of lexical cohesion, including the use of synonyms, hyponyms, and related words to tie together meanings across sentences.

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    You are on page 1of 9

    INSTANCES OF COHESION IN A

    LITERARY TEXT
    -BUSHRA AHMAD
    M.A. ELT (II SEMESTER)
    16ETM05
    WHAT IS COHESION
    • The ways in which texts are ‘held/stuck together
    • Use of grammatical or lexical elements
    • Semantic phenomenon i.e. relations of meaning
    • "Cohesion occurs where the INTERPRETATION of some
    element in the discourse is dependent on that of another.
    – The one PRESUPPOSES the other,
    – in the sense that it cannot be effectively decoded except
    by recourse to it.
    – When this happens, a relation of cohesion is set up…”
    (Halliday and Hasan. Cohesion in English, 1976)
    COHESION

    GRAMMATICAL LEXICAL

    REFERENCE
    REITERATION

    SUBSTITUTION
    COLLOCATION

    ELLIPSIS

    CONJUNCTION
    EXTRACT 1
    (CHAPTER I, THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE, -THOMAS HARDY)

    • A Saturday AFTERNOON in November was


    approaching the time of TWILIGHT, and the
    vast tract of unenclosed wild known as Egdon
    Heath embrowned itself moment by moment.
    Overhead, the hollow stretch of whitish
    CLOUD shutting out the SKY was as a tent
    which had the whole heath for its floor.

    LEXICAL COHESION - Afternoon-twilight, Cloud-sky


    • The HEAVEN being spread with this pallid screen and
    the EARTH (ELLIPSIS) with the darkest vegetation,
    their meeting-line at the horizon was clearly marked.
    In such contrast, the heath wore the appearance of
    an instalment of NIGHT which had taken up its place
    before its astronomical hour was come: DARKNESS
    had to a great extent arrived hereon, while DAY
    stood distinct in the SKY. Looking upwards, a furze-
    cutter would have been inclined to continue work;
    looking down, he would have decided to finish his
    faggot and go home.

    LEXICAL COHESION – Heaven-earth, night-darkness, night-day,


    heaven-sky.
    • The distant rims of the world and (ELLIPSIS) of the
    FIRMAMENT seemed to be a division in time no less
    than (ELLIPSIS) a division in matter. The face of the
    heath by its mere complexion added half an hour to
    EVENING; it could in like manner retard the DAWN,
    sadden NOON, anticipate the frowning of storms
    scarcely generated, and intensify the opacity of a
    MOONLESS MIDNIGHT to a cause of shaking dread.

    LEXICAL COHESION- Firmament-world, evening-dawn-noon,


    midnight-moonless
    Frowning-sadden-retard-dread
    EXTRACT 2
    (CHAPTER II, THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE, THOMAS HARDY)

    • After replying to the old man’s greeting, he showed no


    inclination to continue in talk, although they still walked side
    by side, for the elder traveller seemed to desire company.
    There were no SOUNDS but that of the BOOMING wind upon
    the stretch of tawny herbage around them, the CRACKLING
    wheels, the TREAD of men, and the FOOTSTEPS of the two
    shaggy ponies which drew the van. They were small, hardy
    animals, of a breed between Galloway and Exmoor, and
    (ELLIPSIS) were known as ‘heath-croppers’ here.

    LEXICAL COHESION- Sounds(hyponym) -booming-crackling-tread-


    footsteps (hypernyms)
    EXTRACT 3
    (CHAPTER III, THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE, THOMAS HARDY)

    • ‘Didst ever know a man, neighbour, that no woman


    at all would marry?’ inquired Humphrey.
    ‘I never did (Substitution) ,’ said the turf-cutter.
    ‘Nor (ELLIPSIS) I.’ said another.
    ‘Nor I,’ said Grandfer Cantle.
    ‘Well, now, I did (ELLIPSIS) once,’ said Timothy
    Fairway, adding more firmness to one of his legs. ‘I
    did know of such a man. But only once, mind.’
    THANK YOU

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