ASCARIASIS 

 
Ascariasis – is a intestinal parasitic disease caused by
species of roundworm of the class Nematoda, and can
cause intestinal and lung damage.

 Ascaris lumbricoides, an intestinal roundworm, is

one of the most common helminthic human
infections worldwide.

 Highest prevalence in tropical and subtropical

regions, and areas with inadequate sanitation.
Ascariasis occurs in rural areas of the
southeastern United States.
 Morphology
 A. lumbricoides is the largest
intestinal nematode of man.
 The female worms are larger
than the males and can
measure 40 cm in length and 6
mm in diameter.
 They are white or pink and
are tapered at both ends.
 The ova are oval, have a thick
shell, a mamillated outer coat.
 EPIDEMIOLOGY
 It is estimated that more than 1.4 billion people are infected
with A. lumbricoides, representing 25 percent of the world
population. Transmission is enhanced by the fact that
individuals can be asymptomatically infected and can
continue to shed eggs for years, yet prior infection does not
confer protective immunity.
 The majority of people with ascariasis live in Asia (73 %),
Africa (12 %) and South America (8 %), where some
populations have infection rates as high as 95 %.
  Ascariasis is most common in children 2 to 10 years old, and
prevalence decreases over the age of 15 years. Infections tend
to cluster in families, and worm burden correlates with the
number of people living in a home.
 Ova can survive in the environment for prolonged periods
and prefer warm, shady, moist conditions under which they
can survive for up to 10 years.
  Transmission — Transmission occurs mainly via ingestion of
water or food (raw vegetables or fruit in particular)
contaminated with A. lumbricoides eggs and occasionally via
inhalation of contaminated dust. Children playing in
contaminated soil may acquire the parasite from their hands.
 Transplacental migration of larvae has also occasionally been
reported.
 LIFE CYCLE
 Adult worms inhabit the lumen of the small intestine, usually in
the jejunum or ileum. They have a life span of 10 months to 2
years and then are passed in the stool.  
 The ova are passed out in the feces, and embryos develop into
infective second-stage larvae in the environment in 2 to 4 weeks
(depending upon environmental conditions).

 When ingested by humans, the ova hatch in the small intestine

and release larvae, which penetrate the intestinal wall and
migrate hematogenously or via lymphatics to the heart and lungs.
 Occasionally, larvae migrate to sites other than the lungs,
including to the kidney or brain.
 Adult worms (1) live in the lumen of Life
the small intestine. A female may
produce approximately 200,000 eggs
per day, which are passed with the Cycle
feces (2). Unfertilized eggs may be
ingested but are not infective.  Fertile
eggs embryonate and become
infective after 18 days to several
weeks (3), depending on the
environmental conditions (optimum:
moist, warm, shaded soil). After
infective eggs are swallowed (4), the
larvae hatch (5), invade the intestinal
mucosa, and are carried via the portal,
then systemic circulation to the lungs
(6).  The larvae mature further in the
lungs (10 to 14 days), penetrate the
alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial
tree to the throat, and are swallowed
(7). Upon reaching the small intestine,
they develop into adult worms (1).
 Between 2 and 3 months are required
from ingestion of the infective eggs to
oviposition by the adult female. Adult
worms can live 1 to 2 years.
 Pathophysiologic mechanisms include

 Direct tissue damage

 The immunologic response of the host to
infection with larvae, eggs or adult worms
 Obstruction of an orifice or the lumen of the
gastrointestinal tract by an aggregation of
worms
 Nutritional sequelae of infection
 CLINIC SYMPTOMS
 The majority of infections with A.
lumbricoides are asymptomatic.
 Clinical disease is largely restricted to
individuals with a high worm load.
 When symptoms do occur, they relate either to
the larval migration stage or to the adult worm
intestinal stage.
 The symptoms and complications of infection can be
classified into the following:
  
 1.    Pulmonary and hypersensitivity manifestations
 2.    Intestinal symptoms
 3.    Intestinal obstruction
 4.    Hepatobiliary and pancreatic symptoms
 Pulmonary and hypersensitivity
manifestations
 Transient respiratory symptoms can
occur in sensitized hosts during the stage
of larval migration through the lungs.
Symptoms associated with the
pneumonitis, which are known as
Loffler's syndrome, tend to occur one to
two weeks after ingestion of the eggs.
The severity of symptoms tends to
correlate with larval burden, but
pulmonary symptoms are also less
common in countries with continuous
transmission of A. lumbricoides.
  
 Urticaria and other symptoms related to
hypersensitivity usually occur toward the
end of the period of migration through
the lungs.
 INTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
 Heavy infections with Ascaris are
frequently believed to result in:
 Abdominal discomfort,
 Anorexia,
 Nausea
 Diarrhea.
 Intestinal obstruction
 A mass of worms can obstruct the bowel lumen in heavy
Ascaris infection, leading to acute intestinal obstruction.
 The obstruction occurs most commonly at the ileocecal valve.
 Symptoms include colicky abdominal pain, vomiting and
constipation. Vomitus may contain worms. Approximately 85
percent of obstructions occur in children between the ages of
one and five years. Complications including volvulus, ileocecal
intussusception, gangrene, and intestinal perforation
occasionally result.
  The overall incidence of obstruction is approximately 1 in 500
children. In endemic areas, it has been shown that between
five and 35 percent of all cases of bowel obstruction are due to
ascariasis.
 Hepatobiliary and pancreatic symptoms
Symptoms related to the migration of adult worms into the biliary
tree can cause:
 abdominal pain,
 biliary colic,
 acalculous cholecystitis,
 ascending cholangitis,
 obstructive jaundice, or bile duct perforation with peritonitis.
 Strictures of the biliary tree may occur.
 Hepatic abscesses can also result.
 The pancreatic duct may also be obstructed, leading to
pancreatitis, and the appendix resulting in appendicitis.
 High fever, diarrhea, spicy foods, anesthesia and other stresses
have all been associated with an increased likelihood of worm
migration.
 Complications
 Complications associated with A. lumbricoides
infections are fatal in up to five percent of cases. It is
estimated that 20,000 deaths from ascariasis occur
annually, primarily as a consequence of intestinal
obstruction.
  
 Laboratory diagnostic
     Microscopy — Characteristic eggs
may be seen on direct examination of
feces or following concentration
techniques.
 Eosinophilia — (during the phase of
larval migration through the lungs).
Eosinophil levels are usually in the
range of 5 to 12 percent but can be as
high as 30 to 50 percent.
 Serum levels of IgG and IgE are also
often elevated during early infection.
 Plain film of the abdomen. The
mass of worms contrasts against
the gas in the bowel, typically
producing a "whirlpool" effect.
 Radiologic detection of adult
worms is sometimes made by
detecting elongated filling defects
following barium meal
examinations of the small bowel.
The worms also sometimes ingest
barium, in which case the
alimentary canal appears as a white
thread bisecting the length of the
worm's body.
 Radiographs will also show when
there is associated intestinal
obstruction.
 Ultrasound examinations can help to diagnose
hepatobiliary or pancreatic ascariasis.
 Computed tomographic (CT) scanning or
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may also
be used to identify worm(s) in the liver or bile
ducts, but this is not usually necessary. Imaging
the worm in cross-section gives a "bull's eye"
appearance.
  Serology — Infected individuals make
antibodies to A. lumbricoides which can be
detected.
 TREATMENT
 Choice of Drugs — A number of drugs can be used in the treatment
of ascariasis:
 * Pyrantel pamoate (11 mg/kg up to a maximum of 1 g) is effective
in eradicating adult worms.
  * Mebendazole (100 mg BID for 3 days or 500 mg as a single dose).
  * Albendazole — A single dose of albendazole (400 mg) is effective
in almost 100 percent of cases.
  Ivermectin — Ivermectin causes paralysis of adult worms and is
approximately as effective as other available therapies but is not
generally used.
  * Piperazine citrate — Piperazine citrate (50 to 75 mg/kg QD up to
a maximum of 3.5 g for 2 days) is used seldom because of the big
toxicity
  * Levamisole — Levamisole (150 mg for adults and 5 mg/kg for
children) is safe and is effective in 77 to 96 percent of cases of
ascariasis.
 PREVENTION
 Good sanitation to prevent fecal contamination
of soil is required. Soil treatments have been
attempted but are generally not practical.
  
 Mass treatments with single dose mebendazole
or albendazole for all school-age children
every three to four months has been used in
some communities.