Module 4

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Rocks

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After going through this module, you are expected
to:
1. identify the three types of rocks;
2. classify rocks as to igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks; and
3. appreciate the importance of rocks in our daily
life.

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Competency
Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic.

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Module 4

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• Earth is a solid rock to a depth of 2,900
kilometers, where mantle meets the liquid
outer core. A rock is a naturally occurring solid
aggregate of one or more minerals. The
aggregate minerals forming the rocks are held
together by chemical bonds. Grains can be
different in color, texture, and sizes. Geologists
then group rocks into three categories based on
how the rocks form: igneous sedimentary and
metamorphic rock. Petrology is the scientific
study of rocks. Petrologists classify rocks
based on how they were formed.

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Three Types of
Rocks

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• Igneous- formed from hardening and
crystallization of magma or molten material
that originates deep within the earth.

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Two types of igneous rock

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• Extrusive/Volcanic rock - forms when magma
makes its way to Earth’s surface as lava and
then cools. The crystals are very small (fine
grained) since the cooling process is fast.

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• Intrusive/Plutonic - It cools slowly beneath the
Earth surface and are created by magma. The
intrusive igneous rocks have very large crystals
(coarse grained).

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Igneous rocks are classified based on

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1. Composition
• FELSIC - light in color; feldspar and
silicates
• MAFIC - dark in color; made up of
magnesium and iron
• INTERMEDIATE – between mafic and felsic
• ULTRAMAFIC - very dark color

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Igneous rocks are classified based on

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2. Texture- overall appearance of rock
• Aphanistic - fine grained
• Phaneritic- coarse grained
• Porphyritic- large crystals with small crystals
• Glassy- non-ordered solid from rapid
quenching
• Pyroclastic- composite of ejected fragments
• Examples:
Obsidian, pumice, basalt, granite, diorite, gabbro

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Module 4

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• Metamorphic - forms from pre-existing rocks:
either metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary
Examples: Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite

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Metamorphic rocks are classified based on

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• Texture - refers to the size arrangement ad
grains within the rock.
• Foliation - any planar arrangement of mineral
grains or structural features within the rock.
• *foliated - appeared banded or layered,
contains crystals Example: mica
• Non-foliated - made up of only few minerals
gabbro

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• Metamorphism - transformation of one rock
type into another.
2 types of metamorphism
• Regional-due to changes in pressure and
temperature over large region of the crust
• Contact-mainly by heat due to contact with
magma

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• Sedimentary rocks provide information about
surface conditions that existed in the Earth’s
past.

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• Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other
fragments of materials called sediments,
accumulate in layers and over long period of
time harden into rocks.
• Compaction-due to increase of pressure of
layered sediments it bind together to form the
sedimentary rocks.

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Three types of sedimentary

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rocks
• Clastic Sedimentary rock - formed from
accumulation of clasts: little pieces of broken
rocks and shells. Examples: conglomerate,
breccia, sandstone, shale

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Three types of sedimentary

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rocks
• Chemical - formed when dissolved minerals
precipitate from a solution.
• Example: Halite - formed when a body of
seawater becomes closed off and evaporates.

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Three types of sedimentary

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rocks
• Organic - rocks formed from the accumulation
of animal debris
• Example: Coal - composed of organic matter
in the form of plants fragments.

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Identify and classify the types of rocks below as to igneous,

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sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

Sedimentary Sedimentary

Metamorphic Sedimentary

Igneous

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Fill in the table below by providing basic information about the

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types of rocks. You may refer to the words in the box below.

Contact
Intrusive Clastic Regional
extrusive Non- Clastic Metamorphism
Obsidian, granite
Basalt Breccia, Limestone
pumice conglomerate sandstone
Compaction
Crystallization Lithification Metamorphism
cooling cementation

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Performance Task

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• Fill in the Venn Diagram to determine the
similarities and differences of the three types
of rocks.

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Post Assessment

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were formed. What is the branch that deals
with the study of rocks?
• A. Biology        B. Geology     
• C. Paleontology D. Petrology

D. Petrology
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Module 4
Igneous rock is divided into two groups, extrusive and intrusive

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Extrusive igneous rocks form when magma makes its way to its surface

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as lava and the cools forming rocks. Which of the following will be the
characteristics of the crystals?
A. Crystals are coarse grained.
B. Crystals are fine grained.
C. Crystals are very large.
D. Crystals are phaneritic

B. Crystals are fine grained.

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What type of rocks are formed from sediments over

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long period of time?

A. Igneous Rocks C. Metamorphic Rocks

B. Sedimentary Rocks

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A rock that forms when magma hardens beneath

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Earth’s surface is called an:
A. Intrusive metamorphic rock
B. Extrusive sedimentary rock
C. Intrusive igneous rock
D. Extrusive igneous rock

C. Intrusive igneous rock

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Which of the following is true about rocks?

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A. Rocks are composed of only one mineral.
B. Most rocks are a mixture of minerals.
C. Rocks do not contain minerals.
D. Coal is not considered a rock.

B. Most rocks are a mixture of

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END OF MODULE 4

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