Korea

"The Land of the Morning Calm

Korea
W tymology: n Korean called
Hanguk or Joseon $outh
and North Korea,
W territory of ast sia and a
region in northeastern sia
that was formerly unified under
one state, but now divided into
two separate states.
W Located on the Korean
Peninsula, it is bordered by
China to the northwest, Russia
to the northeast, and is
separated from Japan to the
east by the Korea $trait and
the $ea of Japan (ast $ea).
EtymoIogy
W Korea derives from the Goryeo period of Korean history, which in turn referred to
the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo - the first Korean dynasty visited by Persian
merchants who referred to Kory (Goryeo) as Korea.
W Kory (Goryeo) is also the name of Goguryeo , which changed its name to Kory
(Goryeo) in the 5th century (during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo ).
W Korea is now commonly used in nglish contexts by both North and $outh Korea.
W n the Korean language, Korea as a whole is referred to as Han-guk in $outh Korea,
and Chosn in North Korea.
W The latter name, also Romanised Joseon, is from the Joseon Dynasty and the earlier
Gojoseon.
W The Korean name for Korea is Hangeuk and its people are called
Hangeuksaram.
W The ancient name for Korea is oson, which means literally the land of morning
calm and comes from the oson (or Yi) dynasty of Korea's history (1392-1905).
W The name Korea comes from the Koryu dynasty of Korea's history (935-1392)
during which westerners had their first contact with Korea
W %he Land of the Morning Calm is an nglish language title for the country loosely
derived from the hanja characters for Joseon.
North Korean Flag
%e Democratic PeopIe's RepubIic of Korea
Description of the North Korean
Flag
W Traditional Korean flag - red, white, and blue.
W Disk recalls the taegeuk found on the flag of
$outh Korea
represents the opposing principles of nature.
W red stripe - expresses revolutionary traditions;
the red star is for Communism.
W The two blue stripes - stand for sovereignty,
peace and friendship.
W white stripe - symbolizes purity.
%aegeuk
W The 9aegeuk design - used to drive off evil
spirits.
W Goryeo and Joseon dynasties- used to
represent Korean taoism and to express
the hope for harmony of eun and yang to
enable the people to live happy lives with
good government.
Coat of rms of North Korea
$outh Korean Flag
%e RepubIic of Korea
Flag Construction
W Three parts of the fIag of Sout Korea, or %aegeukgi
white background
a red and blue taegeuk in the centre
four black trigrams, one in each corner of the flag.
W The general design of the flag also derives from
traditional use of the tricolour symbol (red, blue and
yellow) by Koreans
W white background- cleanliness of the people.
W The %aegeuk - represents the origin of all things in the
universe
W holding the two principles of eun and yang
W the former being the negative aspect rendered in blue,
and the latter as the positive aspect rendered in red, in
perfect balance. Together, they represent a continuous
movement within infinity, the two merging as one.
W The flag was designed by Young-Hyo Park
Four trigrams are reIated to te Five EIements
of fire, water, eart, wood, and metaI.
W The four trigrams also indicate the duality of opposites
and balances.
&pper left trigram - three unbroken lines symbolize Heaven
Lower right - three broken lines represent arth.
&pper right trigram-two broken lines separated by an unbroken
line is the symbol of Water
Lower left is Fire- symbolized by two unbroken lines separated
by a broken line.
W $ymbolic of the nation is the white background (the
land), the circle (people), and the four trigrams (the
government). ll three make up the essential elements
of the nation.
Kun (geon)
W Location: &pper left
W Nature: $ky
W $eason: $pring
W Direction: ast
W 'irtue: Humility
W Family: Father
W lement: Metal
W Description: Justice
W Known as: The creative one
W Represents: Represents bright sunshine when the sun is in the
$outh and its light that makes things grow.
W Meaning: ll three lines in the trigram are solid representing the
completeness of life.
s heaven is greater than the earth, this trigram is first on the flag. The
fathers concern for his family is greater than just earthly survival.
Yi (ri)
W Location: Lower left
W Nature: $un
W $eason: utumn
W Direction: $outh
W 'irtue: Courtesy
W Family: $on
W lement: Fire
W Description: Wisdom
W Known as: The persisting one
W Represents: Represents fire that gives warmth and light, and dawn
and early sunlight as the sun rises in the ast.
W Meaning: Trigram is closed at the top and bottom, showing that a
son must be well grounded in the heavenly and scholarly ways for
his coming role as the father of his family.
The centerline is open because the son has not yet fathered a
child and he so is viewed as incomplete.
Kam (gam)
W Location: &pper right
W Nature: Moon
W $eason: Winter
W Direction: North
W 'irtue: Knowledge
W Family: Daughter
W lement: Water
W Description: 'itality
W Known as: The abysmal one
W Represents: Represents twilight as the sun sets to the West and
water, which has no shape or form.
W Meaning: arth and mothers are the source of life.
The top and bottom line of the trigram are open indicating a
mother's receptiveness and the incompleteness of life on earth.
The center is filled representing the completeness and perfection
of motherhood.
The role of the mother is to provide for the earthly necessities of
life.
The top and bottom lines are open representing openness.
Kon (gon)
W Location: Lower right
W Nature: arth
W $eason: $ummer
W 'irtue: Righteousness
W Direction: West
W Family: Mother
W lement: arth
W Description: Fertility
W Known as: The receptive one
W Represents: Represents total darkness when the sun is in the North.
W Meaning: The trigram is completely open.
The center is open because she is not yet viewed as fertile, because
she has bore no children.
The top and bottom are open to represent her coming role as the
provider of earthly necessities for her future family.
s water flows, when she marries, she will flow out of one family and
into another.
Eun and Yang
W Yin (Eun)-characterized as slow, soft,
yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive;
and is associated with water, earth, the
moon, femininity and night time.
W Yang - is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot,
dry, and aggressive; and is associated
with fire, sky, the sun, masculinity and
daytime
Coat of rms of $outh Korea
Korean NationaI Antem
W Aegukga - the National anthem of $outh
Korea.
W means %e Song of Love for te
Country, or %e Patriotic Song.
EI "L Z FL
s& &== F~
LT = T
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0 L 8 L =
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&ntil that day when

the waters of the ast $ea run dry
and Mt. Baekdu is worn away,
God protect and preserve our nation
Three thousand i
of splendid rivers and mountains,
filled with Roses of $haron;
Great Korean people, stay true to the Great Korean way!
s the pine atop the near mountain stands firm,
unchanged through wind and frost,
as if wrapped in armour,
so shall our resilient spirit.
The utumn sky is void and vast,
high and cloudless;
the bright moon is our heart,
undivided and true.
With this spirit and this mind,
give all loyalty,
in suffering or in joy,
to the love of country.
Korean - is te officiaI Ianguage of Korea, bot Sout
and Nort
Hangugeo, Chosnmal (Korean) written in Hangul, Chosn'gl
$ejong the Great
W He was the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea
W used the creation of Hangul and the advancement of technology to
expand his territory.
W $ejong is one of only two Korean rulers posthumously honored with
the appellation te Great, the other being Gwanggaeto te Great
of Goguryeo
W Before the creation of Hangul, only members of the highest class
were literate (anja - used to write Korean by using adapted
Chinese characters, while Hanmun - used to write court documents
in classical Chinese).
W ne would have to learn the quite complex hanja characters in order
to read and write Korean.
W King $ejong presided over the introduction of the 28-letter Korean
alphabet, with the explicit goal being that Koreans from all classes
would read and write. He also attempted to establish a cultural
identity for his people through its unique script
HanguI
W the native alphabet of the Korean language, as
distinguished from the logographic Hanja and phonetic
systems.
W t was created in the mid-15th century, and is now the
official script of both North Korea and $outh Korea
W is a phonemic alphabet organized into syllabic blocks.
W ach block consists of at least two of the 24 Hangul
letters amo), with at least one each of the 14
consonants and 10 vowels.
W These syllabic blocks can be written horizontally from left
to right as well as vertically from top to bottom in
columns from right to left.
HanguI Names
W The modern name Hangul - coined by Ju
Sigyeong (one of founders of modern Korean
linguis9ics) in 1912.
W Han () meant great in archaic Korean, while
geul () is the native Korean word for script.
W Han could also be understood as the $ino-
Korean word #Korean, - the name can be
read Korean script as well as great script
Features of HangeuI
W Type of writing system: alphabet
W Direction of writing:
&ntil the 1980s Korean was usually written from right to left in
vertical columns.
$ince then writing from left to right in horizontal lines has
become popular, and today the majority of texts are written
horizontally.
W Number of letter: 24 (amo): 14 consonants and 10 vowels. The
letters are combined together into syllable blocks.
W The shapes of the the consontants g/k, n, s, m and ng are graphical
representations of the speech organs used to pronounce them.
ther consonsants were created by adding extra lines to the basic
shapes.
W The shapes of the the vowels are based on three elements: man (a
vertical line), earth (a horizontal line) and heaven (a dot).
W $paces are placed between words, which can
be made up of one or more syllables.
W The sounds of some consonants change
depending on whether they appear at the
beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a
syllable.
W number of Korean scholars have proposed an
alternative method of writing Hangeul involving
writing each letter in a line like in nglish, rather
than grouping them into syllable blocks, but their
efforts have been met with little interest or
enthusiasm.
W n $outh Korea ana are used to some extent in
some Korean texts.
W Hanja - the Korean name for Chinese characters
Used to Write
W Korean ( / ), a language spoken by
about 63 million people in $outh Korea, North
Korea, China, Japan, &zbekistan, Kazakhstan
and Russia.
W The relationship between Korean and other
languages is not known for sure, though some
linguists believe it to be a member of the ltaic
family of languages.
W Korean is very similar to Japanese and about
70% of its vocabulary comes from Chinese.
'408#

a ae va vae eo/ e veo/v
a [a [ e [

ve o wa wae oe vo u
[e o wa w we [o u

wo/w we wl vu eu/ ul/l l
w we wl [u [ l
Consonants (/#%

`
lveok nleun dleuL rleul mleum bleup shloL
/k n d/L r/l m b/p s
k/ n L/d l/r m p/b s

~ "
leun [leuL chleuL kluek LleuL pleup hleuL
n [/ch ch/ch' k L p h
C/n / r kr Lr pr h
Basic Words in Korean
o Hello : annyong hashimnigga (formal)
o Good bye: (to someone leaving) annyonghi kaseyo
o Good bye: (to someone staying) annyonghi kyeseyo
o Please : put'ak hamnida
o Thank you : kamsa hamnida
Days of te Week
o Monday : wol-yo-il
o Tuesday : hwa-yo-il
o Wednesday : su-yo-il
o Thursday : mok-yo-il
o Friday : keum-yo-il
o $aturday : to-yo-il
o $unday : il-yo-il
Korean Art History
Sout Korea
NeoIitic Period
W period is marked by the appearance of pottery
and small settlements with semi-subterranean
dwellings.
W The earliest pottery style - flat-bottomed wares
(yunggi-mun) were decorated with relief designs,
raised horizontal lines and other impressions.
Jeulmun-type pottery - cone-bottomed and incised
with a comb-pattern
W $imilar to $iberian styles.
Mumun-type pottery emerged - large, undecorated
pottery, mostly used for cooking and storage.
W The Neolithic inhabitants of the Korean
peninsula fashioned chipped and
polished stone spears, arrowheads, and
tools, as well as bone fishhooks and
needles.
W The earliest known Neolithic pottery in
Korea has been dated to about 7000
B.C.
W These pots were handmade with sandy
clay, and fired in open or partially
covered pits at relatively low
temperatures of about 700C.
W &sed most likely for the storage of
foodstuffs and as cooking containers,
they typically had deep interiors, wide
mouths, and pointed or flat bases.
W While several decorative methods,
including relief appliqu, pinching, and
stamping, were employed to ornament
the exterior surface of the pots, the most
commonly found design is the comb-
pattern (cPlmun) motif, made by incising
diagonal lines into the damp clay,
perhaps with a toothed implement,
before firing
.
Korean earthenware vessel in
the classic Jeulmun comb-pattern
style
JeuImun Pottery Period
W Jeulmun means "omb-pa99erned"
W period of hunting, gathering, and small-scale
cultivation of plants
W lso called as the Korean Neoli9ic"
W sometimes refer to this life-style pattern as
"broad-spec9rum un9ing-and-ga9ering".
W Three Periods:
arly Jeulmun period
Middle Jeulmun period
Late Jeulmun period
Mumun Pottery Period
W labelled as the "Korean Bronze Age"
W The origins of the Mumun Period are not
well known, but the megalithic burials,
Mumun pottery, and large settlements
found in the Liao River Basin and North
Korea
W Three Periods:
arly (or Formative) Mumun - is
characterized by shifting cultivation, fishing,
hunting, and discrete settlements with
rectangular semi-subterranean pit-house
The Middle (or Classic) Mumun - is
characterized by intensive agriculture, as
evidenced by the large and expansive dry-
field remains
The Late (or Post-classic) Mumun -
characterized by increasing conflict, fortified
hilltop settlements, and a concentration of
population in the southern coastal area.
Large Middle Mumun
storage vessel unearthed
from a pit-house
Bronze Age
W Bronze technology was introduced into Korea from the northern part
of the continental mainland around the tenth century B.C.
W arly bronze objects - imported daggers, swords, spearheads,
mirrors, and small bells.
W Found primarily in burial sites, the earliest Korean bronze objects
are mostly swords, spearheads, and objects that seem to have
served ritual functions, notably mirrors, bells, and rattles.
W n its chemical composition, Korean bronze is different from that of
neighbouring bronze cultures, containing a higher percentage of
zinc.
W Recent archaeological discoveries show that bronze weapons and
implements were cast using stone molds.
W However, the extraordinary fineness of the linear decoration on
some mirrors of the late Bronze ge suggests that clay molds were
also used.
W Comma-shaped beads, usually made from nephrite kokkok or
kogok have also been found in dolmen burials.
Maybe carved to imitate bear claws.
Gobeunok or
Gogok
W refers to comma-
shaped or curved
beads and jewels,
found in Korea and
transferred to Japan.
W Gogok is also
sometimes romanized
as kogok and
kokkok or
kokok.
Glass and jade beads with gold cap
ornaments.
W From the end of the Neolithic period and continuing into the
Bronze ge, high-ranking members of Korean society
began to be buried in more elaborate graves.
W The most common forms of burial are stone cists
(chambers lined with stone) and doImens (above-ground
constructions of large stone slabs;).
W DoImen buriaIs - numerous in Korea than in any other
country in ast sia.
W The richness and variety of objects recovered from these
burials indicate the elite status of the occupants.
objects are stone and bronze weapons such as daggers and
spearheads; bronze mirrors and other ritual implements; pottery
vessels, both painted and burnished red and black wares and
polished stone tubular beads or curved, comma-shaped beads
(kogok), often made of nephrite
W $imilarly shaped stone beads (in Japanese. maga9ama)
have also been found in Japan in upper-class graves of the
Yayoi periods.
DoImen in Korea
W Korean word for dolmen is goindoI'(hangul:).
W &sed as grave markers and for ritual purposes during
the first millennium BC when the Megalithic Culture
was prominent on the Korean Peninsula
W Three main types in Korea
table type or northern-type
go-table type or southern-type
unsupported capstone type
W The largest concentration of dolmen in the world is found
on the Korean peninsula.
W t estimated 35.000 dolmen Korea is making up for 40%
of the world's total.
W The largest distribution is on the west coast area of
$outh-Korea.
Go-board or southern type Dolmen at Gangwa, Republic of Korea.
The dolmen in Kanghwa (Ganghwa is a northern-type, table-type dolmen
Hongseong Dolmen - unsupported capstone type
Iron Age
W The use of locally mined and smelted iron for the
production of weapons, woodworking tools, and
agricultural implements seems to have been widespread
in the southern part of the Korean peninsula a century
later
W The introduction of iron technology and the influence of
Chinese ceramic technology also led to the production of
higher-fired wares during the Three Kingdoms period
W Koreans fired their pottery in climbing kilns
The softbodied, low-fired, grayish wares known as ajil t'ogi
brick-clay po99ery) found in tombs of the ron ge period are
clearly distinguishable from the more utilitarian pots recovered
from residential sites and were probably produced solely for
ritual or mortuary purposes
%ree Kingdoms
W refer to the ancient Korean
kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje
and SiIIa, which dominated the
Korean peninsula and parts of
Manchuria
W were founded after the fall of
Gojoseon (ancient Korean
kingdom) , and gradually
conquered and absorbed various
other small states and
confederacies
W used in the titles of the histories
Samguk Sagi (His9ory of 9e
Tree Kingdoms) and Samguk
Yusa emorabilia of 9e Tree
Kingdoms- a collec9ion of
legends, folk9ales, and is9orical
accoun9s rela9ing 9o 9e Tree
Kingdoms of Korea)
Korean Myt
W Dangun Wanggeom -the legendary founder of Korea
W appears in the Samguk Yusa , a 13th-century collection of
legends and stories and Jewang Ungi.
W The Lord of Heaven Hwanin (a name which also appears
in ndian Buddhist texts), had a son Hwanung who
yearned to live on the earth among the people.
W Hwanin relented, and Hwanung descended to Mountain
Taebaek with 3,000 helpers, where he founded a city he
named $insi (City of God or Holy City).
W long with his ministers of clouds, rain, and wind, he
instituted laws and moral codes and taught the people
various arts, medicine, and agriculture
Jumong
W King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo (58 BC 19 BC, r. 37 BC 19
BC) or Dongmyeongseongwang - also known by his birth name
Jumong, was the founding monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost
of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. n the Gwanggaeto $tele, he is
called Cumo-wang (King Cumo).
W n the Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa , he is recorded as
Jumong, with the surname Go.
W The $amguk $agi states that he was also known as Chumo or
$anghae
W The name is also transcribed in other records as Chumong,
Jungmo or Domo
%ae Wang Sa Sin Gi
%he Story of the First King's Four Gods)
W This drama portrays the life of the 19th king of
Goguryeo.
W Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, establish
Goguryeo with his Four Gods: Ceong-ryong
(BIue Dragon), Baek-o (Wite %iger), Joo-
jak (Poenix), Hyeon-mu (symboIized as a
turtIe). The Japanese may know them as
Seiryuu, Byakko, Suzaku, and Genbu.
Jumong marries $oseono, who had a big part
in the founding of Goguryeo. They have two
sons, njo and Biryu. When the son of
Jumong's first wife came to Goguryeo in
search of his father, and is named Crown
Prince, $oseono takes her sons, njo and
Biryu, $outh and establishs Baekje. This is how
Baekje and Goguryeo were known as "brother
countries.
W s time passed, the Four Gods secluded
themselves from society and watched as
Baekje and Goguryeo's relationship worsened
(worsened more mainly because Goguryeo's
king was killed in a battle between Baekje and
Goguryeo).
W ne day, Ju-ahn, "Hyeon-mu of the Four Gods, sees two stars sour
up into the sky. $ince one came from the palace in Baekje, it
predicted the birth of "$u, later known as King h-shin.
W The other star came from Goguryeo, prophesizing the birth of Dam-
deok, later known as Gwang Gae Toh Dae Wang.
W Therefore, the story is on the Four Gods looking for their master,
Gwang Gae Toh Dae Wang, who was an expert in tactics, the
woman he loved ($ujini), who was also loved by the coldhearted
King h-shin.
W He was the 19th king of Goguryeo (lasted from 37 B.C. to 668 .D.).
During the time of Dam-deok, Goguryeo was the most powerful
nation in ast sia (yes, even the Chinese dynasty couldn't defeat
Goguryeo).
W t age 11, he was made the Crown Prince and became King when
he was 16.
W n 396, he attacked Baekje (a nation $outhwest of Goguryeo) and
took over the northern area above the Han River.
W He defeated the many invasions made by the Yeon Dynasty (China)
after 400 .D.
W During his reign, the number of castles he took over numbered in
the hundreds and villages numbered in the thousands. However, he
died at an untimely age of 39.
Heaven Lake of Baekdu Mountain, where Dangun's father is said to have
descended from heaven
Goguryeo
W ts distinct style is marked by flowing lines and vivid
colors.
W The prime examples of this style are tomb murals
excavated in North Korea and Manchuria
W ntroduction of Buddhism - inspired the kings to begin
commission art and architecture dedicated to the
Buddha
W Mural painting also spread to the other two kingdoms.
The murals portrayed Buddhist and Taoist themes and
provide valuable clues about kingdom such as
architecture and clothing.
W These murals were also the very beginnings of Korean
landscape paintings and portraiture.
Goguryeo roof tile
depiction of the moon goddess from a Goguryeo tomb
Baekje
W Buddhist sculpture is characterized by its
naturalness, warmness, and harmonious
proportions exhibits a unique Korean style
W nother example of Korean influence is the use
of the distinctive "Baekje smile, a mysterious
and archaic smile that is characteristic of many
Baekje statutes.
W While there are no surviving examples of
wooden architecture, the Mireuksa site holds the
foundation stones of a destroyed temple and two
surviving granite pagodas that show what
Baekje architecture may have looked.
Baekje smiIe
W common smile motif found in Baekje sculpture and bas-relief.
W Baekje figures express a unique smile that has been described as
both enigmatic and subtle.
W The smile has been also been characterized in many different ways
from genuinely glowing to thin and mild to unfathomable and
benevolent.
W The smile gives the Baekje statues a sense of friendliness and an
air of pleasantness that is rarely found in other traditions of Buddhist
sculpture
Bangasayusang, or Geumdong Mireuk BosaI
Bangasayusang (literally Gilt-Bronze Maitreya
Bodhisattva Half-sitting Thinking $tatue), is a
gilt-bronze statue of what is believed to be the
Maitreya , the future Buddha, in a semi-seated
contemplative pose
SiIIa
W most isolated kingdom from China because it was
situated in the southeast part of the peninsula.
W The kingdom was the last to adopt Buddhism and
Chinese cultural influences.
W $illa craftsman were famed for their gold-crafting ability
which have similarities to truscan and Greek
techniques, as exampled by gold earrings and crowns.
W Because of $illa gold artifacts bearing similarities to
uropean techniques along with glass and beads
depicting blue-eyed people found in royal tombs, many
believe that the $ilk Road went all the way to Korea.
Crown. Three Kingdoms
period, $illa kingdom (57 B.C.
668 .D.) ,
5th6th century. Gilt bronze with
gold foil and wire
$eokguram Grotto
Kory Dynasty
W The elegant, refined lifestyle of the court and aristocracy is clearly
reflected in the arts of the period, which inherited and maintained the
aesthetic sophistication of &nified $illa.
W Celadon pottery famous art produced
While celadon originated in China, Korean potters created their
own unique style of pottery that was so valued that the Chinese
considered it "first under eaven" and one of the "tweIve best
tings in te worId."
Korean celadon had a unique glaze known as "king-fiser"
color, an iron based blue-green glaze created by reducing
oxygen in the kiln.
Korean celadon displayed organic shapes and free-flowing style,
such as pieces that were made to look like fish, melons, and
other animals.
They invented an inlaid technique known as sanggam - potters
would engrave semi-dried pottery with designs and place
materials within the decorations with black or white clay.
W arly Kory trade missions took gold, silver, ginseng,
paper, brushes, ink, and fans to China and imported silk,
porcelain, books, musical instruments, spices, and
medicine
W Buddhism was an integral part of daily life during the
Kory period.
W The founder of the dynasty, Wang Kn, known by his
posthumous title of T'aejo, or Grand Founder - declared
Buddhism the state religion.
W The influence of Buddhism extended into all realms of
artistic activity, but it is best appreciated in the many
objects and paintings created for use in the Buddhist
ceremonies regularly held in temples and palaces.
W Two important developments in the history of Korean
printing and book production occurred during the Kory
period.
Buddhist canon (Tripi9aka)
Tripi9aka Koreana
Cosn Dynasty
W The influence of Confucianism superseded that of
Buddhism in this period, however Buddhist elements
remained and it is not true that Buddhist art declined, it
continued, and was encouraged but not by the imperial
centres of art, or the accepted taste of the Joseon
Dynasty publicly; however in private homes, and indeed
in the summer palaces of the Joseon Dynasty kings, the
simplicity of Buddhist art was given great appreciation -
but it was not seen as citified art.
W The art and literature of the period, especially from the
eighteenth century on, reflects this greater interest in
native Korean traditions and everyday life
W !unch'ng - to stoneware made of a grayish
blue clay that is covered with white slip and
coated with a translucent glaze.
The glaze, which contains a small amount of iron,
turns a bluish green when fired.
The development of this type of ware was the result of
early Chosn potters' attempts to revitalize what
remained of the Kory celadon tradition.
!uncng was produced throughout the peninsula
until the end of the sixteenth century, when it
gradually fell out of favor as porcelain became more
widely available. The abduction and forced relocation
of thousands of Korean potters, many of whom made
puncng ware, to Japan
%wo %ypes: Cosn ceramics
W white porcelain or 5aekchathe
undecorated monochrome waresas the
embodiment of the austere tastes
associated with Neo- Confucianism, the
official ideology of the new state
W Blue-and-white ware, a type of porcelain
decorated under the glaze with a design
painted in cobalt-oxide, began to be
manufactured in Korea by the second half
of the fifteenth century.
VisuaI Arts of Korea
Paintings
W Landscape painting, practiced by professional painters as well as the
literati, flourished and developed in a new direction.
W Drawing on the native Kory painting tradition and adapting recently
introduced styles and themes from China's Ming dynasty, Chosn
artists began to produce landscape paintings with more distinctly
Korean characteristics.
W An Kyn - landscapist of this time was the court painter - innovative
style exerted tremendous influence both during his lifetime and in later
generations
nk-monochrome paintings of landscapes and traditional literati
subjects such as bamboo, plum, and grapevine remained a favored
form of artistic expression throughout the dynasty
who drew upon Chinese themes, techniques, and critical traditions
W Cng Sn - the leading exponent of true-view landscape, a new
trend in Korean painting in the eighteenth century that advocated the
depiction of actual Korean scenery as an alternative to the classical
themes of Chinese painting
Landscapes in the $tyle of n
Kyeon-vening
Chong $on. The
Kumgang Mountains
W ther subjects favored by Chosn painters include scholarly
themes, such as plum and bamboo, and portraits.
W Kim Hong-do - Genre painter, portrayed the daily life of the Korean
people in all its variety and liveliness.
W Portable Korean paintings were produced as hanging scrolls
(vertical compositions), handscrolls (horizontal paintings), fans, or
album leaves mounted in a book.
W Paintings could also be attached to folding screens. These works
were executed on silk or paper using an animal-hair brush.
W The image itself was made with black ink or pigments.
W The impression of recession is achieved simply by shifts in the scale
of landscape elements, from the foreground to the middle ground to
the far distance
W Painting, like writing, became a "heart print of the artist
W The Korean educated elite of the Kory and Chosn periods
considered painting and calligraphy as two of the Four
ccomplishments (in addition to music and a board game of strategy
called paduk).
W Favorite painting themes included landscapes and the group of
plants known as the Four Gentlemen bamboo, orchid, plum
blossom, and chrysanthemum.
llustration of a hanging
scroll and mounting
Artist MateriaIs
W Brus - made of a variety of animal hairs
such as horse, fox, weasel, and rabbit.
Long hairs form a flexible point that can
produce a fine or thick line.
Beneath the long external hairs is a tuft of
shorter hairs that serve to hold the ink or
pigment.
The brushes are fitted with a cylindrical
handle, often made of wood or bamboo.
W Ink -made of a carbon-based material, often
pine soot, that was then mixed with an adhesive
and other substances.
t was dried and pressed into a cake or stick, which
was rubbed against a very fine surface such as an
inkstone, while mixing with water to produce liquid ink
for painting or writing
W Paper. lthough the technology came to the
peninsula from China, Koreans developed the
ability to make superior paper that was highly
regarded throughout ast sia.
Most paper was made of mulberry pulp, although
hemp and rice straw were also used
W Pigments- used for paintings were made by grinding minerals
into a powder and then combining them with glue and other
materials.
Like ink, mineral pigments were dried and compressed into
cakes, which were then ground while mixing with water to
produce a form usable for painting. Frequently used pigments
were cinnabar red, lead white, and malachite green
They were also derived from plants: for example, lotus (light
green), rattan (yellow), and indigo (blue). fter the mid-
nineteenth century, imported artificial pigments were also used.
W SeaIs. n artist might apply one or more personal seals to a
painting in place of or in addition to his or her signature.
$eals are made from a variety of materials (stone being the most
common), carved in relief or intaglio, and impressed on the
painting with a viscous, oil-based cinnabar-red seal paste.
$eal legends might consist of the artist's sobriquet, a studio
name, or a phrase
Poems, historical notes, or dedications might also be written on
the painting itself or the mounting by the artist, a collector, or a
connoisseur.
W SiIk. $ilkworms are native to northern China, as
are the mulberry trees that provide their food
source.
W The cocoons made by silkworms consist of one
long silk filament, which can be spun into a
fabric that is extremely fine, elastic, and smooth
W $ilk cloth, silkworms, and the technique of
producing silk cloth were most likely introduced
into Korea from China during the Han dynasty
(206 B.C.220 .D.).
W The oldest surviving piece of Korean silk dates
to the sixth century.
Buddist Paintings
W Buddhist images were painted on silk during the Kory
period, and more commonly on hemp, linen, or heavy
paper during the Chosn period
W The silk used for Kory Buddhist paintings (hagyon, or
"picture siIk") was specially woven, with the warp and
weft well spaced so that the resulting weave was more
transparent than ordinary silk cloth and allowed the
pigments to permeate evenly throughout.
W t is believed to have been dyed a pale tea color,
obtained by mixing yellow and a small amount of purple
W When a painting was finished, an "eye-dotting ceremony
was held to give life to the images.
CaIIigrapy
W The Chinese written language and the art of calligraphy were
introduced into Korea through the military commanderies
established in the northern part of the peninsula during the Han
dynasty at the end of the second century B.C. Koreans used five
primary script types
W $tandard script (haes;), - each stroke is separately executed and
clearly defined, was used for documents and texts that demanded
clarity and legibility.
W Running (haengs;) and cursive (ch'os) scripts, in which
characters are abbreviated and strokes linked in continuous motions
of the brush, allowed greater freedom for artistic expression and was
used for personal communications and other nonofficial purposes.
W The earlier script styles known as small seal (sojn) and clerical
(yes) were usually reserved for special purposes, such as
commemorative plaques or personal seals
Paintings of Korea
W Traditional Folk Painting
CaIIigrapy Paintings
%iger Case Paintings
ScoIarIy ImpIements
ReaIistic Sceneries
Patterns of
Birds and
FIowers
Paintings of Peonies
Korean Scenery Paintings
Modern Korean Paintings
Kwon Kyung Yup
Hyper-realistic paintings by Korean artist KWN KY&NG Y&P who uses a technique of transferring photographs onto canvas.
This technique was used before it was possible to print photos. ll of the young girls and boys in Kwon's paintings have very
sad eyes as well as 'white bandages' a symbol of both self-extinction and healing. The artist uses the eye as an active means
to convey emotions. While being depicted realistically, they are felt as unreal beings, looking artificial like animation characters
or mannequins. Love that her paintings are so clean and soft.
Modern Korean ScuIptures
YNG H J (b. 1978) is a Korean artist who uses old, recycled tire scraps to make these amazing animal
sculptures. 'Mutant mythos' is the name of the collection. Love his creative choice of medium. Yonh Ho Ji uses
this material because of its flexibility and its close approximation to skin and muscles. t almost look like they
are made out of liquorice. The choice of medium itself poses questions about the values of modern society, the
car industry and its constant production of new tires which can be seen as a symbol of consumerism. nd the
title for his mutant series leads the thoughts back to Charles Darwin's 'origin of species' emphasizing the need
for living things to adapt in order to survive. His somewhat scary looking sculptures take the shape of sharks,
wolves, spiders, deers and buffalos. He is represented by 33 Bond gallery in NYC.
HANBOK:
%e Art of Korean CIoting
Hanbok ($outh Korea)
or Cosn-ot (North Korea)
W the traditional Korean dress.
W characterized by vibrant colors and simple
lines without pockets.
W term literally means Korean cIoting,
anbok today often refers specifically to
hanbok of Dynasty and is worn as semi-
formal or formal wear during traditional
festivals and celebrations
Basic Composition and CIotes
W Korean anbok represents one of the most visable
aspects of Korean culture.
jeogori -is blouse-like with long sleeves with the men's
version being longer, stretching down to the waist.
W chima -women wear skirts
W 5aji -men wear baggy pants
W Commoners wore white, except during festivals and
special occassions such as weddings.
W Clothes for the upper classes were made of bright colors
and indicated the wearer's social status.
WOMEN'S
CLO%HING
Women's CIoting
W Chogori -the earliest versions went all the
way to the hips and were tied at the waist.
By the late Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910),
they only went as far as the arm pits, with a
longer front panel to cover the breasts.
W ongchong (detachable paper collars)
help accent the woman's neck.
Like the men's version, they are tied across
the chest in front with a bow.
Jeogori The jeogori makes up the upper part of
hanbok. Men's jeogori are larger and simplistic while
women's jeogori are rather short and characterized by
curved lines and delicate decorations.
Dongjeong The dongjeong refers to a white collar
attached along the rim of the neckline. t contrasts and
harmonizes with the overall curve of the neck.
Otgoreum (CIot Strings) The otgoreum is a women's
ornamental piece, which hangs vertically across the front
of the chima (women's skirt).
Baerae (Jeogori SIeeve)
The baerae refers to the lower lines of the sleeve of either
the jeogori (traditional jacket), or the magoja (outer jacket).
t features a circular line which is naturally curved, similar to
the line of the eaves of the traditional Korean house.
Cima
The chima is the women's outer skirt.
There are different kinds of chima: single-layered,
double-layered, and quilted. Pul-chima refers to a chima
with a separated back, whereas a tong-chima has a seamed back.
Patterns
Traditional patterns graceful lines and color combinations enhance the beauty of hanbok.
Plant, animal, or other natural patterns are added to the rim of chima, the areas surrounding
the outer collar shoulders
Beoseon
The beoseon corresponds to a pair of contemporary socks.
lthough the shape of the beoseon does not reflect any difference
in the gender of its users, men's beoseon are characterized by a straight seam.
WCh'ima is a rectangular or tubular
skirt with a high, pleated waistband.
Wt is tied above the breasts with long
sashes.
W By flowing over the rest of the body, it
completely hides the female shape,
strongly influenced by the Confucian
society.
WLike the wide-legged pai for males,
the billowing cima allows a great deal
of freedom for squatting, the preferred
position when doing most household
chores
W urumagi -is worn
over regular clothes
for warmth during
cold weather.
W worn by
government officials
and royalty as
everyday attire,
commoners began
wearing them for
special occasions.
W gat-chogori - slightly bigger
than an average cogori, but
had rabbit fur lining the inside
to keep the body warm.
W The outside layer was made of
silk
W Changot -to cover their face and upper
body whenever they went out in public.
W Hiding the face created a mysterious look.
W Ssukae Ch'ima - Women wore this cloak-like clothing
whenever they went out in public.
W lthough shaped like a cima, it was about 30
centimeters shorter and somewhat narrower.
W The white collar could be pinched in to hide ones face
when a male approached.
Undergarments
W Women would sometimes wear several layers of undergarments.
W Sok ch'ima (similar to petticoats) helped give a female's anbok a
fuller appearance.
W soggot- bloomers with
front and back openings
W daeshun ch'ima- pleated petticoats of
starched ramie and Korean paper
MEN'S
CLO%HING
Men's CIoting
W cheogori - longer than their women's counterparts, reaching down
to the waist or even lower.
Like the women's version, they are tied across the chest in front.
W 5aji - narrow legs to facilitate horseback riding and hunting.
The baggier pants are also more comfortable for sitting on floors than narrower
pants
W do5'o - was a scholar's overcoat used although
commoners could also wear it for family rites or
other special occassions.
W t was worn over other articles of clothing.
W Hakch'angui - worn by scholars
W Hak means study in Korean, and the style
symbolizes a sublime, noble mind
W Shimui -worn by scholars during their free time
W $him means to ponder or contemplate.
W $imilar to akcangui, simui represents a more passive state than
actively studying
W %'eol Magoja - used to keep the body warm and was considered a
luxury.
W Jignyeong5'o - robe-like clothing first appeared during
the Koryo period (918-1392) and was worn by low-level
government officials
W From the Chosun Dynasty (1392-1910), the clothes were
also worn by commoners
Gat(Men's at)
Durumagi
The durumagi is a traditional overcoat worn on special
occasions over the traditional jacket and pants.
Baji
Baji refers to the lower part of the men's
hanbok.
Compared to western style pants, it does not
fit tightly.
The roomy nature of the cloth is due to a
design aimed at making the cloth ideal for
sitting on the floor.
Kkotsin
The kkotsin refers to silk shoes on which flower patterns
are embroidered. They play an important role in completing
the graceful line of the lower rim of the chima.
CHILDREN'S CLO%HING
CiIdren's CIoting
W Families dressed their child in bright clothes and quilted
socks for his or her first birthday (%ol), a tradition that
has continued to the present day
W %ol has two meanings
child's first birthday.
used as a generic description for birthdays: u9-9ol (first
birthday), Du-9ol (second birthday), Seo-9ol (third birthday), etc.
W The clothes for the 9ol include a cheonbok (long blue
vest) worn over a durumangi and a bokkeon (black hat
with a long tail).
Girls"'s dangui (ceremonial clothing
Tol (1
st
birthday)
%raditionaI HairstyIes for Modern
Beauties
W Traditional hairdos for Korean women are largely divided into chignons, the most basi
c form, and graceful and elaborate ornamental arrangements.
W 1. PIaited-braids
The plaited-braid was only allowed for unmarried women in the Chosun Dynasty (139
2-1910). The three-strand braid is tied with a long, red pigtail ribbon (daenggi) at the
end, while an ornamental piece (baesssi daenggi) decorates the hair.
W %raditionaI Wedding
Hairdo
This features flamboyant
adornments with a simple
chignon beneath.
t matches the
traditional wedding
garment or hwarot, a
magnificent wedding
gown in crimson silk
with wide sleeves.
W Modern Interpretation
The bride's hair is pulled back into a chignon,
and a toque decorated with corals and beads
sits on the crown of the head.
W Worn along with the hairdo is the
nogwonsam, or green,
decorative ceremonial topcoat.
W Gisaeng StyIe
While traditional Korean
dresses are represented
by the words elegant and
refined, the clothes worn
by female entertainers of
the Chosun Dynasty exude
splendor and
voluptuousness.
ccentuating them, the
hairdo known as tre
meori features a braided
coil.
W This style is often found in
the genre paintings of the
era.
W Fusion Wedding Hairdo
combination of Korean
chignon and Western bun, this
hair style maximizes astern
beauty.
Hanbok Wedding (%raditionaI)
Modern Hanbok (Wedding)
Modern Hanbok
Dongdaemun Market or %ongdaemun (abbreviated DDM) is the large
commercial district comprised of traditional markets and shopping centers in
Jongno-gu, $eoul, $outh Korea
Korean Cuisine
Kimci
W Kimchi represents Korea's best
known food.
W name kimchi originated from
simcae (salting of vegetable)
which went through some
phonetic changes: simcae -
dimcae - kimcae - kimchi
W a traditional fermented Korean
dish, made of vegetables with
varied seasonings.
W Kimchi may also refer to
unfermented vegetable dishes
Kimci ngredients: Cabbage
(or radish, cucumber, etc), julienne
radish, minced garlic, diced green
onion, salted
fish, salt
Reasons Wy Kimci Was
DeveIoped in Korea
W 'egetables were popular to the ancient
people in Korea whose main industry was
agriculture
W Koreans had a remarkable technology for
salting fish which was frequently used as a
seasoning
W Cabbages (brassica) appropriate for
making kimchi were widely grown.
Introduction of Kimci Recipe
W Gimjang - a traditional Korean event in which kimchi is prepared for
eomdong (the coldest months of winter).
W The main ingredients of gimjang kimchi are Korean cabbage and
radish.
dditional ingredients include spicy vegetables such as parsley,
mustard leaf, garlic, green onion and ginger.
Pickled fish and powdered red pepper
are used to give kimchi its unique flavors.
Korean BuIgogi
W Bulgogi -fire mea9 in Korean, which refers to the cooking techniqueover an open
flamerather than the dish's spiciness.
W The term is also applied to variations such as dak bulgogi (made with chicken) or
daeji bulgogi (made with pork), although the seasonings are different.
W Korean dish that usually consists of marinated barbecued beef, although chicken or
pork may also be used
W Bulgogi is believed to have originated during the Goguryeo era (37 BC668 D)
when it was originally called maekjeok (), with the
beef being grilled on a skewer.
W t was called neobiani (), meaning thinly
spread meat, in the Joseon Dynasty and was
traditionally prepared especially for the king
Korea's Liquors
W Korea's traditional liquors are 9aku (), ceongu (or yaku
), and sou ().
W %akju- the oldest & which is made by fermenting grains like rice or
wheat.
W When takju is strained to a refined clear liquor, it becomes
ceongju (yakju), and when cheongju is distilled, it becomes soju.
W Today, takju is more commonly known as makgeolli, and it is
enjoyed by the majority of Koreans as well as many visitors
MakgeoIIi (%akju) - = ()
W akgeolli is unique to Korea.
W t is made by mixing steamed glutinous rice, barley, or wheat with nuruk, a fermentation
starter culture, and water, and then leaving the mixture to ferment.
W t has a milky, opaque color and a low alcohol content of 6%-7%.
W t is also called takju (9ak meaning opaque) or nongju (nong means farming) because it
is traditionally enjoyed by farmers after a day of hard labor.
Cheongju
W &nlike takju, which is thick and opaque, ceongus liquor is clear (ceong means
clear).
W The brewing process is largely similar to that of takju, but the straining process is
different.
W The main ingredients, rice, nuruk starter culture, and water are put in a jug and kept
for 10 to 20 days at a temperature of 20-25 degrees Celsius.
W During this time the mixture ferments and turns
into liquor.
W Then a yongsu, a long cylindrical strainer made
from closely woven bamboo strips, is inserted
into the center of the jug.
Soju ()
W Sou is first fermented by
combining rice or other
grains with a starter
culture and is then
distilled.
W Depending on the
intensity of the heat, the
taste, quality and quantity
of the soju varies.
W $ince it is made by
distillation, it has high
alcohol content.
W $oju is the most popular
liquor in Korea
Korean Copsticks
W medium-length stainless-steel tapered rods, with a flat rectangular cross section.
W Traditionally, they were made of brass or silver.
W Many Korean metal chopsticks are ornately decorated at the grip.
W They are sometimes used to put food on a spoon, which then brings food to the mouth.
Korean Etiquette
n Korea, chopsticks are paired with a spoon, and there are conventions for how these are used
together.
W t is considered uncultured and rude to pick up a dish or a bowl to bring it closer to one's mouth,
and eat its content with chopsticks (except certain noodle dishes like naengmyeon). Dishes are to
be left on the table at all times, and a spoon is used alongside chopsticks, if the food lifted drips.
This is in stark contrast to Chinese and Japanese convention, which lifts up the rice bowl, often to
the mouth.
W When laying chopsticks down on the table next to a spoon, one must never put the chopsticks to
the left of the spoon. Chopsticks are only laid to the left during the food preparation for the funeral
or the memorial service for the deceased family members, known as jesa.
W t is rude to use the same hand to hold both chopsticks and a spoon at the same time and laying
the spoon down on the table while one uses chopsticks.
W &se a spoon to eat soup, stew and liquid side dishes and solid side dishes for chopsticks. But
both flatware can be used for eating rice.
W When in the company of elders, take your seat according to social ranking
with the youngest or lowest ranked person closest to the door. fter the
elders pick up their spoons, others can begin to eat. Try to keep pace with
elders while eating. t could be considered rude to show that you have
finished your meal before elder people have. f at all possible, keep eating a
bit until the elders have finished their meal.
W The spoon and chopsticks should not be held together in one hand. &se the
spoon only for rice and soup.
W For the sake of cleanliness, do not use a used spoon for side dishes.
W &se an individual plate for your own food when platters arrive for the entire
table. Be careful not to make noises when eating and drinking. void
knocking your spoon, chopsticks or plates around.
W Take food within reach and do not stretch your arms out too far.
W fter a meal, return your spoon and chopsticks to the spot where
they were placed. Fold the used napkin and put it back on the table.
W When coughing or sneezing during a meal, turn your head to one
side and cover your mouth with a handkerchief as to not bother your
neighbors. Nose blowing should be saved for the restroom.
Korean Arcitecture
W Korean architecture has reflected the human scale, imparting a feeling of intimacy to
viewers.
W Few traditional Korean buildings are grand in size.
W They give an impression of coziness and tidiness, and are from being overpowering
or imposing.
W Korean artisans relied more on the working of nature than on their own craft, exerting
their personal ingenuity or wisdom less, thus providing greater room for their instincts
to operate.
W t reflects less of human calculation or craft than of liberal and carefree simplicity.
W n China, decorations tended to be extremely elaborate, sometimes to the extent of
superfluity or grotesqueness. Japanese decorations are more simple and delightful.
The characteristic decorations of Korean architecture might be found in between the
two, maintaining the beauty of moderation in the use of color and architectural
decoration.
W Characterized by moderate elegance in decoration and humble openness in
architectural design. The moderate use of color might have derived from the country's
serene landscape
%aeKwanDo
W %ae means foo9 or 9o s9rike wi9
9e fee9.
W Kon means and, or 9o s9rike
wi9 9e and.
W o means discipline, art, or way.
W TaeKwonDo (foot-hand-way)
means literally the art of the feet
and the hands or the art of kicking
and punching.
W s many other arts, it combines
combat techniques, self-defense,
sport, exercise, and in some cases
meditation and philosophy
%wo brances of taekwondo
deveIopment:
W Traditional taekwondo - refers to the martial art as it
was established in the 1950s and 1960s in the $outh
Korean military in particular, the names and symbolism
of the traditional patterns often refer to elements of
Korean history.
W $port taekwondo - evolved in the decades since then
and has a somewhat different focus, especially in terms
of its emphasis on speed and competition (as in lympic
sparring).
Korean Wave
W HaIIyu-(Korean wave or Korea fever )- the significantly increased
popularity of $outh Korean culture around the world.
W The term was coined in China in mid-1999 by Beijing journalists surprised
by the fast growing popularity of Korean entertainment and culture in China
W Hallyu is overwhelmingly driven by Korean T' dramas. The export earnings
of Korean T' dramas far surpass those of Korean music and film
W t was in 1999 that reports of an emerging "Korean Wave in China, Taiwan,
'ietnam, Hong Kong and other sian countries started to come out
K-Pop
W K-pop (an abbreviation of Korean pop or Korean popular music) is a musical genre
consisting of electronic, hip hop, pop, rock, and R&B music originating in $outh
Korea.
W n addition to music, K-pop has grown into a popular subculture among teenagers
and young adults throughout sia, resulting in widespread interest in the fashion and
style of Korean idol groups and singers.
W n 1990s the debut of the group $ Tai-Ji (Jeong Hyun-Cheol (Hanja:) -
was a turning point for popular music in $outh Korea
W The founding of $outh Korea's largest talent agencies:
$.M. ntertainment, YG ntertainment, D$P ntertainment, and JYP ntertainment
W n 2009, the Wonder Girls became the first Korean singers to place on the &.$.
Billboard Hot 100 chart with their single, Nobody".
W n 2010, solo artist Taeyang and girl group 2N1 began topping various music charts
throughout the &nited $tates and Canada with the release of various albums and hit
songs
W n 2011, Big Bang's album Tonig9 became the first K-pop album to reach the top 10
on &$ iTunes chart and is the only non-nglish language album in the top 100
SPECIAL PAPER
for
AR% HIS%ORY 2
A
R
%

H
I
S
%
O
R
Y

2
W MateriaIs
W n a short bond paper, minimum of 10 pages, must be
computerize using rial font (11 size), single space.
W Placed inside a $hort Folder and also submit a CD
presentation regarding what you have written. $howing all
the photographs that will support your paper.
Powerpoint Presentation
W void copy/paste from the internet
W Chronologically rranged
W ndicate your reference materials
W &pon submission, all requirements must be placed inside a
$HRT BRWN N'LP. Names must be written outside the
envelop.
W Due: MARCH 22, 2011 (%UESDAY, room 501)
Country
differen9
Asian
oun9ries)
4ap
4Geograpy
4E9ymology
4anguage
4Sys9em of
Wri9ing
FIag
4Draw
4Explain
4Na9ional
An9em
4Designer
Dynasties
4ounder/eader
4Descrip9ion
Customs
and
%raditions
4Livelihood
4Religion
4Costume
4Music
VisuaI Arts
4!ain9ing
4Sculp9ure
4Arci9ec9ure
4Tea9re Ar9s
Crafts
4!o99ery
4Weaving,
e9c
Reference
MateriaIs
( This will serve as the format for the written report. Please follow the format.
This is ptional.)
Be sure they are all related to each other .